摘要：

生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响是当前生态学和保护生物学的重要研究内容之一。然而, 生境破碎化对物种多样性和活动节律影响的研究仍然不足。本研究于2018年7月至2021年7月在四川都江堰地区利用红外相机监测技术对21个破碎化森林斑块中的兽类、鸟类多样性进行调查, 以期了解破碎化森林中野生动物资源状况, 以及探明斑块大小、演替阶段对鸟兽多样性和优势种活动节律的影响。本研究鉴定出野生兽类和鸟类共63种, 隶属10目25科, 其中兽类11种, 鸟类52种。国家二级重点保护野生动物有藏酋猴( Macaca thibetana )、豹猫( Prionailurus bengalensis )、红腹锦鸡( Chrysolophus pictus )、红腹角雉( Tragopan temminckii )等12种, 中国特有动物有藏酋猴、小麂( Muntiacus reevesi )、灰胸竹鸡( Bambusicola thoracicus )等7种。被IUCN濒危物种红色名录评估为易危(VU)的物种仅猪獾( Arctonyx collaris ) 1种, 近危(NT)的有藏酋猴和毛冠鹿( Elaphodus cephalophus ) 2种。兽类的物种数和相对多度随斑块大小增加而增加, 鸟类的物种数和相对多度与斑块大小之间没有显著相关性; 兽类、鸟类的物种数和相对多度与森林演替阶段之间没有显著相关性。鸟类的物种数和相对多度在旱季显著高于雨季, 兽类的相对多度在雨季明显高于旱季, 而兽类的物种数在旱季和雨季间没有显著差异。优势物种红腹锦鸡和灰胸竹鸡的日活动节律曲线高度重叠且无显著分化; 两种鸡形目物种的日活动节律重叠度随斑块大小的增大而增加, 随森林演替进行而降低, 与人为活动干扰在时间维度上存在明显的规避现象。结果表明, 生境破碎化主要影响兽类的物种多样性和优势鸟类的日活动节律。因此, 应加强运用红外相机等新技术对非保护区、非国家公园等破碎化生境内野生动物多样性的监测、研究和保护。该结果对进一步研究生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响及物种共存也具有一定的参考价值。

生态位分化

Abstract

Aims: The impacts of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity are a critical research area in ecology and conservation biology. However, there is still insufficient understanding of how habitat fragmentation affects species diversity and activity rhythm. The purpose of this study is to investigate the diversity of birds and animals in fragmented forests and to explore the effects of patch size and stand age on the diversity of mammals and birds, as well as the daily activity rhythm of dominant species.

Methods: From July 2018 to July 2021, researchers used infrared cameras to survey mammal and bird species in 21 fragmented forest patches located in the Dujiangyan region of Sichuan Province. The “vegan” package in R was used to generate the species accumulation curve; the linear mixed model of the “lme4” package in R was used to analyze the relationship between species richness and relative abundance index, and factors such as patch sizes, stand ages, and seasonal variations; the “overlap” package and “activity” package in R were used to analyze the daily activity rhythm and niche overlap of two dominant species and anthropogenic activities, through kernel density estimation and coefficient of overlap analyses.

Results: This study documented a total of 63 species of wild animals, which belonged to 10 orders and 25 families. These species included 52 species of birds and 11 species of mammals. Notably, 12 of the recorded species are Class-II national protected animals, such as Macaca thibetana , Prionailurus bengalensis , Chrysolophus pictus , and Tragopan temminckii ; 7 species are endemic to China, including M. thibetana , Muntiacus reevesi , and Bambusicola thoracicus ; 1 species ( Arctonyx collaris ) is red listed by the IUCN as Vulnerable (VU), and two species ( M. thibetana and Elaphodus cephalophus ) are listed as Near Threatened (NT). The research found that the species richness and relative abundance index of mammals increased as patch sizes increased. However, there was no significant correlation between bird species richness and relative abundance index, and patch sizes. Stand ages did not have significant correlations with the relative abundance index of mammals and birds. Furthermore, the study showed that the bird species richness and relative abundance index were significantly higher in the dry season than in the wet season. In contrast, the relative abundance index of mammals was significantly lower in the dry season than in the wet season, while mammal species richness did not significantly differ between the dry and wet season. The daily activity rhythm curves of the two dominant species (i.e., C. pictus and B. thoracicus ) were highly overlapping and showed no significant niche differentiation; the overlap of daily activity rhythm increased as patch size but decreased with stand ages. In addition, the diurnal activity of the two dominant bird species showed a noticeable avoidance of anthropogenic activities during certain times.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that forest fragmentation mainly affects mammal diversity and the daily activity rhythm of dominant birds. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance the use of new technologies such as infrared cameras to monitor, study and protect the diversity of wildlife in areas outside protected zones and national parks. Our results provide valuable insights for further studies on the impact of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity and species coexistence.

Key words: biodiversity, camera trapping, habitat fragmentation, forest succession, daily activity rhythm, niche differentiation

赵坤明, 陈圣宾, 杨锡福 (2023) 基于红外相机技术调查四川都江堰破碎化森林鸟兽多样性及优势种活动节律. 生物多样性, 31, 22529. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022529 .

Kunming Zhao, Shengbin Chen, Xifu Yang (2023) Investigation of the diversity of mammals and birds and the activity rhythm of dominant species using camera trapping in a fragmented forest in the Dujiangyan region, Sichuan Province. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22529. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022529 .

图2 斑块大小(A, C)和演替阶段(B, D)对鸟兽物种数和相对多度指数的影响。* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; ns: 没有显著性差异。箱线图中, 箱体中间的横线表示中位数; 箱体高度表示25%-75%百分位数, 有50%的数据在此范围内; 箱体外的两条竖线表示除去异常值外的最大值和最小值; 线外的小圈表示异常值。图A和B中, N表示样本大小(即斑块数)。 Fig. 2 Effects of patch size (A, C) and stand age (B, D) on species richness and relative abundance indices of birds and mammals. *, ** indicate P < 0.05, 0.01, respectively, and ns indicates a non-significant effect (P > 0.05). The bottom and top limits of each box are the lower and upper quartiles, respectively; the horizontal line within each middle of box is the median. The two vertical lines outside the box represent the maximum and minimum values except for the outliers; the small circles outside the line represent the outliers. N in (A, B) indicated the sample size (i.e., patches).

图2 斑块大小(A, C)和演替阶段(B, D)对鸟兽物种数和相对多度指数的影响。* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; ns: 没有显著性差异。箱线图中, 箱体中间的横线表示中位数; 箱体高度表示25%-75%百分位数, 有50%的数据在此范围内; 箱体外的两条竖线表示除去异常值外的最大值和最小值; 线外的小圈表示异常值。图A和B中, N表示样本大小(即斑块数)。

Fig. 2 Effects of patch size (A, C) and stand age (B, D) on species richness and relative abundance indices of birds and mammals. *, ** indicate P < 0.05, 0.01, respectively, and ns indicates a non-significant effect (P > 0.05). The bottom and top limits of each box are the lower and upper quartiles, respectively; the horizontal line within each middle of box is the median. The two vertical lines outside the box represent the maximum and minimum values except for the outliers; the small circles outside the line represent the outliers. N in (A, B) indicated the sample size (i.e., patches).

图3 季节(旱季、雨季)对鸟类、兽类物种数(A)和相对多度指数(B)的影响(平均值 ± 标准误)。图中*, ***分别表示P < 0.05, 0.001; ns表示没有显著性差异。 Fig. 3 Effects of seasons (dry season and wet season) on species richness (A) and relative abundance index (B) of birds and mammals (mean ± SE). *, *** indicate P < 0.05, 0.001, respectively, and ns indicates a non-significant effect (P > 0.05).

图3 季节(旱季、雨季)对鸟类、兽类物种数(A)和相对多度指数(B)的影响(平均值 ± 标准误)。图中*, ***分别表示P < 0.05, 0.001; ns表示没有显著性差异。

Fig. 3 Effects of seasons (dry season and wet season) on species richness (A) and relative abundance index (B) of birds and mammals (mean ± SE). *, *** indicate P < 0.05, 0.001, respectively, and ns indicates a non-significant effect (P > 0.05).

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