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Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2020 Nov; 34(11): 1382–1386.
PMCID: PMC8171698

Language: Chinese | English

Endobutton 钢板重建 Lisfranc 韧带的早期疗效观察

Short-term effectiveness of Endobutton plate in reconstruction of Lisfranc ligament

伟 王

安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院骨科(安徽阜阳  236000), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang Anhui, 236000, P.R.China

Find articles by 伟 王

永飞 范

安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院骨科(安徽阜阳  236000), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang Anhui, 236000, P.R.China

Find articles by 永飞 范

朝宇 刘

安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院骨科(安徽阜阳  236000), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang Anhui, 236000, P.R.China

Find articles by 朝宇 刘

文强 徐

安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院骨科(安徽阜阳  236000), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang Anhui, 236000, P.R.China

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秀林 马

安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院骨科(安徽阜阳  236000), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang Anhui, 236000, P.R.China

Find articles by 秀林 马

健 许

安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院骨科(安徽阜阳  236000), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang Anhui, 236000, P.R.China

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海洋 于

安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院骨科(安徽阜阳  236000), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang Anhui, 236000, P.R.China 安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院骨科(安徽阜阳  236000), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang Anhui, 236000, P.R.China

于海洋,Email:

结论

采用 Endobutton 钢板重建 Lisfranc 韧带,能较好地稳定跖跗关节,获得满意的早期足部功能。

Keywords: Endobutton 钢板, Lisfranc 韧带, 跖跗关节, 韧带重建, 足部功能

Abstract

Objective

To observe the short-term effectiveness of Endobutton plate in the reconstruction of Lisfranc ligament in tarsometatarsal joint injury.

Methods

Between March 2015 and July 2018, 18 patients with tarsometatarsal joint injuries were treated with Lisfranc ligament reconstruction by Endobutton plate. There were 12 males and 6 females with an average age of 32.5 years (range, 16-55 years). The causes of injury were traffic accident in 8 cases, falling from height in 3 cases, crushing by a heavy objective in 4 cases, and spraining in 3 cases. There were 10 cases of Myerson type A, 4 of type B1, 2 of type B2, 1 of type C1, and 1 of type C2. The interval between injury and operation ranged from 3 to 9 days (mean, 4.9 days). X-ray examination was performed regularly after operation to measure the distance between the first and the second metatarsal joints, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate the pain relief. At last follow-up, the reduction of tarsometatarsal joint was evaluated by measuring and comparing the height of the affected and healthy arches. The foot function was evaluated according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score.

Results

The average follow-up time was 15.8 months (range, 10-28 months). All incisions healed by first intention. X-ray reexamination showed that there was no screw loosening or plate fracture. There were significant differences in the distance between the first and the second metatarsal joints and VAS score at 3 months after operation, before removal of the internal fixator, and at last follow-up when compared with preoperative values ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference between the time points after operation ( P >0.05). At last follow-up, there was no significant difference in the arch height between affected foot [(5.3±0.2) mm] and healthy foot [(5.4± 0.3) mm] ( t =1.798, P =0.810). The AOFAS score of foot function was 89.5±7.3 with excellent in 12 cases, good in 4 cases, and fair in 2 cases. The excellent and good rate was 88.9%.

Conclusion

The reconstruction of Lisfranc ligament with Endobutton plate can stabilize the tarsometatarsal joint and achieve satisfactory foot function at early stage.

Keywords: Endobutton plate, Lisfranc ligament, tarsometatarsal joint, ligament reconstruction, foot function

跖跗关节是由跖骨、楔骨和骰骨以及相应韧带组成的多关节系统,是足弓重要组成部分。Lisfranc 韧带是维持跖跗关节结构稳定性中最重要的韧带,亦是唯一连接第 1、2 跖骨的韧带,其起于内侧楔骨外侧,止于第 2 跖骨基底部跖内侧。跖跗关节损伤时常合并 Lisfranc 韧带损伤。因 Lisfranc 韧带位置较深且较短,损伤后诊断难度较大,若治疗不及时或不当,可导致长期并发症,包括创伤性关节炎、慢性疼痛及足部功能降低等 [ 1 - 3 ] 。Lisfranc 韧带损伤多需要手术治疗,主要采用螺钉或钢板固定。但跖跗关节属于微动关节,如选择螺钉或钢板坚强固定,患者下地负重时内固定物会切割骨质,导致内固定物松动及断裂,而且需要二次手术取出,增加了额外创伤与手术相关风险 [ 4 ] 。Endobutton 钢板属于弹性固定,用其治疗 Lisfranc 韧带损伤有望避免螺钉及钢板固定相关问题。2015 年 3 月—2018 年 7 月,我们采用 Endobutton 钢板重建 Lisfranc 韧带治疗 18 例跖跗关节损伤患者,获得较满意疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 第 1、2 跖骨关节间隙距离>2 mm;② 跖跗关节、楔间关节、楔舟关节不稳;③ 距跖骨角>15°;④ Lisfranc 韧带断裂;⑤ 患者知情同意。排除标准:① 内侧楔骨粉碎性骨折;② 第 2 跖骨粉碎性骨折;③ 病理性骨折;④ 开放性骨折,伴神经、血管及重度软组织损伤;⑤ 陈旧性骨折;⑥ 拒绝随访患者。

1.2. 一般资料

本组男 12 例,女 6 例;年龄 16~55 岁,平均 32.5 岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤 8 例,高处坠落伤 3 例,压砸伤 4 例,扭伤 3 例。均为闭合性损伤;Myerson 分型:A 型 10 例,B1 型 4 例,B2 型 2 例,C1 型 1 例,C2 型 1 例。患者伴软组织肿胀,入院后予以制动、抬高患肢、冷敷及消肿处理,密切观察肢端血运情况,防止骨筋膜室综合征发生。受伤至手术时间 3~9 d,平均 4.9 d。

1.3. 手术方法

2016 年 2 月前收治的 5 例患者采用第 1、2 跖骨背侧直切口;之后收治的 13 例患者采用 S 形切口,既可同时兼顾内侧柱及中间柱,又可避开在第 1、2 跖骨基底部走行的神经血管束。

采用持续硬膜外麻醉,患者取仰卧位,常规使用充气止血带,取第 1、2 跖骨背侧切口,注意保护足背动脉及肌腱,显露跖跗关节和第 2 跖骨基底部,探查见第 1、2 跖跗关节明显不稳及 Lisfranc 韧带断裂。其中,5 例为 Lisfranc 韧带止点撕脱骨折,其余均为韧带断裂。本组 13 例内侧柱损伤伴不稳,采用跨关节钢板(10 例)或螺钉(3 例)固定内侧柱。清理第 1、2 跖骨间游离的碎骨片及嵌入的软组织,在内侧楔骨内侧及第 2 跖骨基底部外侧放置点式复位钳,C 臂 X 线机透视确定复位满意后,沿着 Lisfranc 韧带方向自内侧楔骨内侧依次向第 2 跖骨斜形插入 2.0 mm 克氏针导针、3.5 mm 空心钻头钻孔,建立重建韧带隧道。将 Endobutton 钢板置于第 2 跖骨基底外侧,采用可收紧的高强度缝合线,通过隧道引出至内侧,安装内侧钢板并收紧( 图1 )。8 例累及外侧柱,经皮(6 例)或者经第 4、5 跖骨(2 例)切口复位外侧柱后,克氏针固定。C 臂 X 线机透视见复位及内固定位置满意后,冲洗切口并逐层缝合。

Diagram of Lisfranc ligament reconstruction with Endobutton plate

Endobutton 钢板重建 Lisfranc 韧带示意图

1.4. 术后处理

术后抬高患肢、短腿石膏托制动,常规预防感染治疗。术后 2 周开始踝泵功能锻炼,6~8 周后去除外侧柱克氏针,同时拆除石膏托,允许患足部分负重。术后 10~12 个月取出钢板或螺钉,患者可完全负重行走。Endobutton 钢板均不取出。

1.5. 疗效评价指标

① 影像学评价指标:术前及术后 3 个月、内固定物(钢板及螺钉)取出前、末次随访时,摄患侧正位 X 线片,测量第 1、2 跖骨关节间隙距离,即连接第 1、2 跖骨基底部之间的最小间距;末次随访时,摄健、患侧侧位 X 线片,测量足弓高度,即第 5 跖骨基底与骰骨间的距离。② 疼痛及功能评价指标:术前及术后 3 个月、内固定物取出前、末次随访时,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估患足局部疼痛程度。末次随访时,采用美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)评分评估足部功能恢复情况。

1.6. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS19.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用重复测量方差分析,两两比较采用 LSD 检验;健、患侧间比较采用配对 t 检验;检验水准 α =0.05。

2. 结果

本组患者均获随访,随访时间 10~28 个月,平均 15.8 个月。术后除 Endobutton 钢板外,其余内固定物均依次顺利取出。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,未出现免疫排斥反应、切口感染等并发症。

X 线片复查示无螺钉松动、钢板断裂等并发症发生。术后 3 个月、内固定物取出前及末次随访时,第 1、2 跖骨关节间隙距离与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义( P <0.05);术后各时间点间差异均无统计学意义( P >0.05)。见 表1 。末次随访时,患侧足弓高度为(5.3±0.2)mm,与健侧(5.4±0.3)mm 比较,差异无统计学意义( t =1.798, P =0.810)。

表 1

Comparison of the distance between the first and the second metatarsal joints and VAS scores between pre- and post-operation (

患者手术前后第 1、2 跖骨关节间隙距离及 VAS 评分比较( 第 1、2 跖骨关节间隙
距离(mm)
Distance between the first
and the second metatarsal
joints (mm) VAS 评分
VAS score * 与术前比较 P <0.05, # 与术后 3 个月比较 P <0.05, 与内固定物取出前比较 P <0.05
* Compared with preoperative value, P <0.05; # compared with the value at 3 months after operation, P <0.05; compared with the value before removal of the internal fixator, P <0.05
Preoperative 8.4±3.5 # 7.6±0.9 # 术后 3 个月
Three months after operation 1.7±0.4 * 1.9±0.6 * 内固定物取出前
Before removal of the internal fixator 1.8±0.5 * 1.6 ±0.8 * 末次随访
Last follow-up 1.9±0.3 * 1.4±0.7 * 统计值
Statistic F =63.864
P =0.000 F =306.766
P =0.000

术后患者足部疼痛症状较术前明显缓解,术后 3 个月、内固定物取出前、末次随访时 VAS 评分与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义( P <0.05);术后各时间点间差异均无统计学意义( P >0.05)。见 表1 。末次随访时,根据 AOFAS 评分评价足部功能为(89.5±7.3)分;获优 12 例、良 4 例、可 2 例,优良率 88.9%。见 图2

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is zgxfcjwkzz-34-11-1382-2.jpg

A 26-year-old male patient with left tarsometatarsal joint injury (Myerson type B2) who was treated with Lisfranc ligament reconstruction

患者,男,26 岁,因 Myerson B2 型左跖跗关节损伤行 Lisfranc 韧带重建

a. 术前 X 线片;b. 术前 MRI;c. 术中切口设计;d. 术中 Endobutton 钢板放置;e. 术中透视观察复位情况;f. 术后 3 个月 X 线片;g. 术后 6 个月内固定物取出前 X 线片;h~j. 术后 17 个月患侧正位以及健患侧负重位 X 线片

a. Preoperative X-ray film; b. Preoperative MRI; c. Incision design before operation; d. Endobutton plate placement during operation; e. Intraoperative fluoroscopy showed the fracture reduction; f. X-ray film at 3 months after operation; g. X-ray film at 6 months after operation (before removal of the internal fixator); h-j. X-ray films (anteroposterior view of affected side and weight-bearing views of affected and healthy sides) at 17 months after operation

3. 讨论

跖跗关节根据解剖结构特点可分为内侧柱、中侧柱及外侧柱,是中足的重要结构组成,位于跖骨与跗骨之间,在横断面上形成独特的“拱门”结构,维持了关节横向稳定性,第 2 跖骨插入内、外侧楔骨之间,形成卯榫样结构,成为跖跗关节纵向稳定的“楔石” [ 1 , 5 ] 。Lisfranc 韧带复合体是维持跖跗关节稳定的主要结构,包括背侧韧带、跖侧韧带及骨间韧带,骨间韧带强度最大,跖侧韧带次之,背侧韧带最弱 [ 6 ] 。第 1、2 跖骨间稳定主要依靠粗大的 Lisfranc 韧带,从而保持内侧柱与中侧柱的正常连接。对于 Lisfranc 韧带损伤的诊断,首先要明确患者病史及受伤机制,仔细检查相关体征,包括足底瘀斑、足弓塌陷、局部疼痛及负重时关节不稳等。本组常规摄患足 X 线片、CT 三维重建及 MRI 检查,以防止 Lisfranc 韧带损伤漏诊 [ 7 - 8 ] 。断裂的 Lisfranc 韧带如不手术重建,仅依靠纤维修复及瘢痕性愈合,其强度会下降、长度被拉长,进而出现远期并发症,严重影响患者足部功能和生活质量 [ 3 ] 。因此,Lisfranc 韧带损伤常需切开复位内固定治疗,使受累关节达到解剖复位,以重建生物力学稳定性。但目前对于固定方式仍存在较多争议,临床上以螺钉及微型钢板固定居多 [ 9 - 11 ] 。螺钉固定后患者可早期活动,避免了足部畸形。但是也存在两方面缺陷,一方面 Lisfranc 韧带瘢痕愈合,其力学强度明显下降,造成关节不稳;另一方面,经 Lisfranc 韧带方向植入螺钉时会损坏 Lisfranc 韧带在骨上附着点,阻止其愈合,且破坏了关节软骨面,可导致继发性骨关节炎,引发足部慢性疼痛 [ 12 ] 。微型钢板固定可达到与螺钉固定相似的生物力学稳定性,且关节软骨面损伤小,更有利于患者的足部功能恢复 [ 13 ] 。但上述两种固定方式均需二次手术取出内固定物,增加了额外创伤,且容易造成局部不稳。近年,有研究采用自体肌腱移植重建 Lisfranc 韧带,其可提供与螺钉固定相似的强度,且更符合原解剖结构,避免了二次手术内固定物的取出。Hirano 等 [ 14 ] 对 1 例 15 岁 Lisfranc 韧带损伤男性患者进行了自体肌腱移植重建,术后 X 线片检查未见明显关节复位丢失,足部功能恢复良好。但自体肌腱移植重建术在临床应用时间尚短,移植肌腱固定方法、骨隧道直径、肌腱移植物选取及肌腱自身结构特性改变情况等,均需要更多研究明确。

Endobutton 钢板是临床常用的弹性内固定物,已广泛应用于肩锁关节脱位、前交叉韧带重建及下胫腓联合分离等的治疗,并获得了良好预后 [ 15 - 17 ] 。生物力学研究发现,Endobutton 钢板在垂直负载和前后负载中伸长率低于正常韧带,显示了其较强的生物力学稳定性 [ 18 ] 。本组使用 Endobutton 钢板重建 Lisfranc 韧带,术中按照 Lisfranc 韧带方向(与第 2 跖骨干矢状面呈约 42° 角、水平面呈约 15° 角),于内侧楔骨内侧至第 2 跖骨间建立骨隧道以重建 Lisfranc 韧带。本组 13 例合并内侧柱损伤,予以钢板或螺钉坚强固定;8 例合并外侧柱损伤,予以克氏针固定。经随访平均 15.8 个月,第 1、2 跖骨间隙距离获得显著改善,局部疼痛明显缓解,足弓高度得到有效维持,而且在辅助内固定物取出后,未出现明显关节复位丢失。末次随访时,足部功能 AOFAS 评分优良率达 88.9%。我们在临床应用中发现 Endobutton 钢板由 1 块纽扣钢板及 1 根穿过钢板的 5 号 FiberWire 线袢组成,该线袢长度固定,不利于术中收紧,为此本组另选用高强度缝合线打结收紧,避免了这一问题。Endobutton 钢板重建 Lisfranc 韧带时应注意:① 防止内侧楔骨与第 2 跖骨之间骨隧道错位,以避免置入的缝线发生“N”样折皱,以及后期恢复运动时与骨隧道发生摩擦,最终导致缝线断裂;② 内侧楔骨以内打结时线结不宜过大,否则易导致皮下异物反应及炎症;③ 不宜过早进行主被动运动。

综上述,Endobutton 钢板重建 Lisfranc 韧带能较好重建跖跗关节稳定性,获得满意的早期足部功能,且创伤小、手术操作简便。但本研究病例较少,随访时间较短,其远期疗效及与其他韧带重建方式的差异还需进一步研究。

作者贡献:王伟、刘朝宇负责手术操作;范永飞负责文章的撰写及数据整理;徐文强、马秀林、许健负责病例搜集及随访调查;于海洋负责文章的修订与审校。

利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。

机构伦理问题:研究方案经安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院 阜阳市人民医院医学伦理委员会批准。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University