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class="clipper"/></div></nav></div><div class="flex grow justify-end gap-2"><a class="hidden rounded-full border-2 border-brand-green-100 px-4 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-brand-green-200 transition-colors hover:bg-slate-50 focus:outline-none md:block md:inline" target="_blank" href="/schedule-demo">Book a Demo</a><a href="https://app.last9.io/product/levitate" class="rounded-full border-2 border-brand-green-200 bg-brand-green-200 px-4 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-white transition-colors hover:border-brand-green-200 hover:bg-brand-green-200 hover:text-white focus:outline-none">Start for Free</a></div></div></div></header><main class="mt-[calc(64px+var(--banner-height))] flex-1 scroll-pt-[calc(64px+var(--banner-height))]"><div class="px-4 lg:px-6"><div class="reading-progress-bar z-40 -mx-4 lg:-mx-6" style="width:0%"/><div class="mx-auto grid w-full max-w-6xl grid-cols-12 gap-y-10 pb-16 pt-14 lg:gap-y-16 lg:pb-32 lg:pt-20"><div class="col-start-1 col-end-[13] mx-auto flex w-full flex-col items-start gap-6 md:col-start-3 md:col-end-[11] md:items-center"><p class="flex gap-2 text-sm text-slate-500"><span>Aug 25th, ‘23</span><span class="text-slate-300">/</span><span>4 min read</span></p><h1 class="w-full max-w-3xl text-left text-3xl font-black md:text-center md:text-5xl lg:text-5xl"><span data-br=":R139:" data-brr="1" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;text-decoration:inherit">PromQL Macros in Levitate</span></h1><p class="max-w-3xl text-left text-base text-slate-600 md:text-center md:text-xl"><span data-br=":R1j9:" data-brr="1" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;text-decoration:inherit">Define PromQL Macros to standardize complex PromQL queries in Levitate</span></p><div class="flex w-full flex-col gap-6 border-t border-solid border-slate-200 pt-6 sm:flex-row sm:items-center sm:justify-between"><div class="flex items-center gap-4"><div class=""><span style="width:32px;height:32px" class="inline-flex select-none items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full align-middle border-[3px] border-solid border-white"/></div><p class="text-base text-slate-500"><a class="decoration-slate-200 hover:underline" href="/blog/authors/prathamesh/">Prathamesh Sonpatki</a></p></div><div class="flex items-center gap-4"><span class="text-slate-500">Share:</span><button quote="PromQL Macros in Levitate" aria-label="twitter" class="react-share__ShareButton text-slate-400" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg width="20" height="20" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fill-slate-400 transition-colors hover:fill-[#00acee]"><path d="M23.953 4.57a10 10 0 01-2.825.775 4.958 4.958 0 002.163-2.723c-.951.555-2.005.959-3.127 1.184a4.92 4.92 0 00-8.384 4.482C7.69 8.095 4.067 6.13 1.64 3.162a4.822 4.822 0 00-.666 2.475c0 1.71.87 3.213 2.188 4.096a4.904 4.904 0 01-2.228-.616v.06a4.923 4.923 0 003.946 4.827 4.996 4.996 0 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href="https://news.ycombinator.com/submitlink?u=undefined&amp;t=PromQL%20Macros%20in%20Levitate" target="_blank" title="PromQL Macros in Levitate" quote="PromQL Macros in Levitate" class="text-slate-400"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 122.88 122.88" height="20" width="20" class="fill-slate-400 hover:fill-[#FF6600]"><style type="text/css"/><g><path class="st0" d="M18.43,0h86.02c10.18,0,18.43,8.25,18.43,18.43v86.02c0,10.18-8.25,18.43-18.43,18.43H18.43 C8.25,122.88,0,114.63,0,104.45l0-86.02C0,8.25,8.25,0,18.43,0L18.43,0z"/><polygon class="st1" fill="white" points="29.76,21.84 42,21.84 61.44,60.72 80.88,21.36 93.12,21.36 66.24,70.32 66.24,102.96 56.64,102.96 56.64,70.32 29.76,21.84"/></g></svg></a></div></div></div><img src="https://last9.ghost.io/content/images/2023/08/macros_in_last9_levitate.jpg" alt="PromQL Macros in Levitate" loading="lazy" class="row-end-12 col-start-1 col-end-13 row-start-2 block h-full w-full overflow-hidden rounded-3xl border border-solid border-blue-100/10 lg:col-start-1 lg:col-end-13 lg:max-h-[600px]"/><div style="position:fixed;top:1px;left:1px;width:1px;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;"/><div class="col-start-1 col-end-13 flex justify-items-stretch lg:col-start-1 lg:col-end-9 lg:row-start-3 lg:row-end-5"><div class="js-toc-content prose mt-0 w-full min-w-full prose-ul:marker:content-['—'] [&amp;_*]:break-words [&amp;_a]:font-inherit prose-headings:font-bold prose-h1:text-4xl prose-h2:text-3xl prose-p:text-base prose-p:text-slate-600 prose-p:leading-7 prose-a:decoration-slate-400 prose-a:underline-offset-2 prose-blockquote:relative&#10; prose-blockquote:text-blue-600 &#10; prose-blockquote:p-0 prose-blockquote:text-2xl&#10; [&amp;_a]:text-inherit&#10; [&amp;_a]:font-inherit&#10; [&amp;_strong]:text-inherit&#10; [&amp;_em]:text-inherit&#10; [&amp;_em]:font-inherit&#10; prose-blockquote:font-serif prose-blockquote:not-italic 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marker:pl-4 marker:content-['—'] prose-li:text-base prose-li:pl-4 prose-pre:bg-slate-50 prose-pre:rounded-sm prose-pre:py-7 prose-pre:px-8 prose-pre:scrollbar-thin prose-code:text-slate-500 prose-table:my-6 prose-table:w-full prose-table:border-collapse prose-table:block prose-table:overflow-x-auto prose-table:lg:table prose-thead:bg-slate-50 prose-thead:w-full even:prose-tr:bg-slate-50 prose-th:text-sm prose-th:px-4 prose-th:py-3 prose-th:border-collapse prose-td:text-sm prose-td:p-4 prose-td:border-collapse [&amp;_.kg-callout-card]:pl-6 [&amp;_.kg-callout-card]:pr-8&#10; [&amp;_.kg-callout-card]:py-7 [&amp;_.kg-callout-text]:text-base&#10; [&amp;_.kg-callout-card&gt;.kg-callout-text]:ml-2&#10; [&amp;_.kg-callout-card&gt;.kg-callout-emoji]:w-7&#10; [&amp;_.kg-callout-card&gt;.kg-callout-emoji]:mr-2&#10; [&amp;_.kg-callout-card&gt;.kg-callout-emoji]:p-0&#10; [&amp;_.kg-callout-card&gt;.kg-callout-emoji]:text-center&#10; [&amp;_.kg-callout-card&gt;.kg-callout-emoji]:flex&#10; 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[&amp;_.kg-bookmark-card&gt;.kg-bookmark-container&gt;.kg-bookmark-content&gt;.kg-bookmark-description]:flex-1&#10; [&amp;_.kg-bookmark-card&gt;.kg-bookmark-container&gt;.kg-bookmark-content&gt;.kg-bookmark-description]:text-base&#10; [&amp;_.kg-bookmark-card&gt;.kg-bookmark-container&gt;.kg-bookmark-content&gt;.kg-bookmark-description]:leading-[1.75]&#10; [&amp;_.kg-bookmark-card&gt;.kg-bookmark-container&gt;.kg-bookmark-content&gt;.kg-bookmark-title]:text-base&#10; [&amp;_.kg-bookmark-card&gt;.kg-bookmark-container&gt;.kg-bookmark-content&gt;.kg-bookmark-title]:leading-[1.75]&#10; [&amp;_.kg-bookmark-card&gt;.kg-bookmark-container&gt;.kg-bookmark-content&gt;.kg-bookmark-metadata&gt;.kg-bookmark-icon]:my-0&#10; [&amp;_.kg-bookmark-card&gt;.kg-bookmark-container&gt;.kg-bookmark-content&gt;.kg-bookmark-metadata&gt;.kg-bookmark-icon]:border-none [&amp;_figcaption]:text-slate-400 [&amp;_figcaption]:text-center [&amp;_figcaption]:font-serif [&amp;_figcaption]:text-sm&#10; [&amp;_figcaption]:mt-2 [&amp;_figcaption]:mx-auto [&amp;_figcaption]:p-0 [&amp;_figcaption]:leading-7 [&amp;_figcaption]:w-9/12&#10; [&amp;_.kg-image]:!max-h-[auto] [&amp;_.kg-image]:!h-[auto]&#10; [&amp;_.kg-embed-card]:!min-h-[500px]"><p>While PromQL is the de-facto standard query language in the monitoring world, it has multiple challenges. Improper or broad queries can significantly load the Prometheus server, especially in large setups with millions of time-series data. This can impact the performance and responsiveness of the entire monitoring system.</p><h2 id="challenges-with-promql">Challenges with PromQL</h2><h3 id="lack-of-higher-level-abstraction">Lack of higher-level abstraction</h3><p>The challenges with PromQL arise due to the lack of a higher-level abstraction that typically exists in the programming world, which solves –</p><ul><li>Reusability</li><li>Standardization</li><li>Maintainability</li></ul><h3 id="reusability">Reusability</h3><ul><li>Reusing queries is not possible without copy-pasting of queries, which may result in errors.</li><li>If one has to change the SLO threshold, imagine the need to change that in 100s of dashboards and alert rules, and this problem keeps growing with more and more adoption. This also has a chance of manual errors due to oversight. </li></ul><h3 id="standardization">Standardization</h3><ul><li>It takes special effort to ensure the same standard queries are used across teams and components. </li><li>Crafting performant and accurate queries is hard, but once such queries are written, it is equally hard to standardize them across services and components due to the lack of a sharing mechanism.</li></ul><h3 id="maintainability">Maintainability </h3><ul><li>Maintaining queries over time becomes problematic due to repeating queries spread across multiple places, such as Grafana Dashboards and alert rules YAML files. </li><li>There is no single place to look at all the critical queries together.</li></ul><h2 id="macros">Macros</h2><p>In programming, a Macro is a rule or pattern that specifies how specific input sequences should be mapped to output sequences according to a defined procedure. Macros are a way to automate repetitive tasks within the source code, enabling more concise or human-readable code that can be expanded into more detailed code by the compiler or preprocessor.</p><p>There are different contexts where the term "macro" is used, but the core idea is typically the same.</p><blockquote>Macro - Defining a shorthand or abstraction for more extensive code or operations.</blockquote><p>Fun fact: The word <code>Macro</code> is derived from a Greek word <code><em>μακρο</em></code> which means large. Macros replace large code blocks with a name :)</p><p>You may have encountered Macros in programming languages like Lisp, C, C++, and Elixir, but what if you can use Macros with PromQL? Can you imagine complicated PromQLs being replaced just by short-form Macro? That's precisely what you can achieve with Levitate.</p><h2 id="promql-macros-in-levitate">PromQL Macros in Levitate</h2><p><a href="https://last9.io/levitate-tsdb">Levitate</a> - our managed time series data warehouse supports defining PromQL-based Macros.</p><p>We added PromQL Macros support in Levitate so that one can separate the definition of complicated PromQL queries from their use. The queries can be defined in one place and used as Macros by all downstream consumers.</p><p>Imagine a PromQL query to calculate the availability of an HTTP service.</p><pre><code>(sum(rate(http_requests_duration_milliseconds_count{status=~"2.*"}[1m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_duration_milliseconds_count[1m])))*100</code></pre><p>We calculate the ratio of all Good requests with HTTP status code 200 and the total number of requests.</p><p>Levitate allows defining a Macro for this query as follows.</p><pre><code class="language-javascript">function availability(metric) { let q = metric