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class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="0" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/"><style data-emotion="css 70qvj9">.css-70qvj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><span class="css-70qvj9">Introduction </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="0" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/getting-started"><span class="css-70qvj9">Get started </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="0" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span class="css-70qvj9">Changelog </span><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1hzyiq5"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.281 9.577l8.75-8.608m0 0v4.92m0-4.92h-5M8.078 4.094H1.516a.547.547 0 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1htazvk">.css-1htazvk{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1-5);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1-5);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-strong);text-align:left;scroll-snap-margin-top:56px;scroll-margin-top:56px;}.css-1htazvk&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:0px;-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;}</style><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Defining a Schema</span><style data-emotion="css 1ixbp0l">.css-1ixbp0l{pointer-events:none;}</style><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><style data-emotion="css 7rklk1">.css-7rklk1{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);}.css-7rklk1&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1-5);-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:0px;margin-inline-start:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/schema/schema"><span class="css-70qvj9">Schema basics </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/schema/unions-interfaces"><span class="css-70qvj9">Unions and interfaces </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/schema/custom-scalars"><span class="css-70qvj9">Custom scalars </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/schema/directives"><span class="css-70qvj9">Directives </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/schema/creating-directives"><span class="css-70qvj9">Creating directives </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="true"><span>Fetching Data</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/data/resolvers"><span class="css-70qvj9">Resolvers </span></a><style data-emotion="css d1xus3">.css-d1xus3{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:normal;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-3);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-3);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-3);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-3);color:#FDFDFD;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-primary);}.css-d1xus3:focus,.css-d1xus3[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-d1xus3[disabled],.css-d1xus3[aria-disabled=true],.css-d1xus3[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-d1xus3:hover,.css-d1xus3[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-d1xus3:hover[disabled],.css-d1xus3[data-hover][disabled],.css-d1xus3:hover[aria-disabled=true],.css-d1xus3[data-hover][aria-disabled=true],.css-d1xus3:hover[data-disabled],.css-d1xus3[data-hover][data-disabled]{background:initial;}.css-d1xus3:active,.css-d1xus3[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}</style><a class="chakra-button css-d1xus3" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/data/data-sources"><span class="css-70qvj9">Data sources </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/data/errors"><span class="css-70qvj9">Error handling </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/data/file-uploads"><span class="css-70qvj9">File uploads </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/data/subscriptions"><span class="css-70qvj9">Subscriptions </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Testing</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/testing/mocking"><span class="css-70qvj9">Mocking </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/testing/testing"><span class="css-70qvj9">Integration testing </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="https://www.apollographql.com/docs/studio/explorer/"><span class="css-70qvj9">Apollo Studio Explorer </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/testing/graphql-playground"><span class="css-70qvj9">GraphQL Playground </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Performance</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/performance/caching"><span class="css-70qvj9">Caching </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/performance/apq"><span class="css-70qvj9">Automatic persisted queries </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Security</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/security/authentication"><span class="css-70qvj9">Auth </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/security/terminating-ssl"><span class="css-70qvj9">Terminating SSL </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Integrations</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/integrations/middleware"><span class="css-70qvj9">Node.js middleware </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/integrations/plugins"><span 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href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/deployment/azure-functions"><span class="css-70qvj9">Azure Functions </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/deployment/gcp-functions"><span class="css-70qvj9">Google Cloud Functions </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Monitoring</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/monitoring/metrics"><span class="css-70qvj9">Metrics and logging </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/monitoring/health-checks"><span 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details{display:contents;}.responsive-grid .first.cell{-ms-grid-column:1;grid-column-start:1;}.responsive-grid .cell{-ms-grid-column-span:1;grid-column-end:span 1;}.responsive-grid details .cell{-ms-grid-column:1;grid-column-start:1;-ms-grid-row-span:0;grid-column-end:-1;}.responsive-grid{background:var(--chakra-colors-border);gap:1px;}.responsive-grid&gt;*,.responsive-grid&gt;details&gt;*{background:var(--chakra-colors-bg);}.responsive-grid .cell,.responsive-grid .row{padding:var(--chakra-space-4);}.responsive-grid details .first.cell+.cell{margin-top:-1px;padding-top:0;}.responsive-grid details h6{display:inline;}.responsive-grid .heading{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-wider);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);}</style><style data-emotion="css wu8929">.css-wu8929{text-align:center;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-3);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background-color:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-300);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}</style><div class="css-wu8929">Apollo Server 2 is officially end-of-life as of 22 October 2023. <style data-emotion="css 5reug6">.css-5reug6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);}.css-5reug6:hover,.css-5reug6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-5reug6:focus,.css-5reug6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-5reug6" href="/docs/apollo-server/previous-versions">Learn more about upgrading.</a></div><style data-emotion="css 189cttg">.css-189cttg{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;max-width:var(--docs-page-width);-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:48px;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-189cttg{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-10);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-10);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-10);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-10);}}</style><main class="css-189cttg"><style data-emotion="css j4wukh">.css-j4wukh{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;width:0;}</style><div class="css-j4wukh"><style data-emotion="css 1agee8u">.css-1agee8u{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);line-height:1.2;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1agee8u{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-5xl);line-height:1;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-1agee8u">Data sources</h1><style data-emotion="css 1hupkud">.css-1hupkud{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xl);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-normal);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-2);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1hupkud{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-2xl);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);}}</style><h2 class="css-1hupkud">Manage connections to databases and REST APIs</h2><style data-emotion="css ele70p">.css-ele70p{opacity:0.6;border:0;border-color:inherit;border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:1px;width:100%;margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}</style><hr aria-orientation="horizontal" class="chakra-divider css-ele70p"/><style data-emotion="css sj19s0">@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-sj19s0{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);line-height:1.5;}}.css-sj19s0 h1 a,.css-sj19s0 h2 a,.css-sj19s0 h3 a,.css-sj19s0 h4 a,.css-sj19s0 h5 a,.css-sj19s0 h6 a{color:inherit;}.css-sj19s0 h1 code,.css-sj19s0 h2 code,.css-sj19s0 h3 code,.css-sj19s0 h4 code,.css-sj19s0 h5 code,.css-sj19s0 h6 code{background:none;padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-tertiary);white-space:normal;}.css-sj19s0 &gt;:not(a):not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-sj19s0 &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h1,.css-sj19s0 &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h2,.css-sj19s0 &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h3,.css-sj19s0 &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h4,.css-sj19s0 &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h5,.css-sj19s0 &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h6{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-10);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);}.css-sj19s0 img.screenshot{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-md);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-sj19s0 img.screenshot:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-sj19s0 img.screenshot:not([data-theme]),.css-sj19s0 img.screenshot[data-theme=dark]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-dark-lg);}.css-sj19s0 table td &gt;:not(a):not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);}.css-sj19s0 table td ul ul,.css-sj19s0 table td ol ul,.css-sj19s0 table td ul ol,.css-sj19s0 table td ol ol{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1);}.css-sj19s0 table td ul li:not(:first-child),.css-sj19s0 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th:first-of-type{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;left:0px;background:var(--chakra-colors-bg);border-right-width:1px;}.css-sj19s0 .sticky-table table tr:last-child td{border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-none);}.css-sj19s0 h1,.css-sj19s0 h2,.css-sj19s0 h3,.css-sj19s0 h4,.css-sj19s0 h5,.css-sj19s0 h6,.css-sj19s0 p{scroll-snap-margin-top:101px;scroll-margin-top:101px;}</style><div class="css-sj19s0"><style data-emotion="css 5le3e4">.css-5le3e4{line-height:1.5rem;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><strong>Data sources</strong><span><span class=""> are classes that </span><style data-emotion="css 154yii">.css-154yii{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1.5px;text-decoration-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);text-underline-offset:0.2em;}.css-154yii:hover,.css-154yii[data-hover]{cursor:help;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-154yii:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-154yii:not([data-theme]),.css-154yii[data-theme=dark]{text-decoration-color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-400);}</style><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> can use to encapsulate fetching data from a particular source, such as a database or a REST API. These classes help handle caching, deduplication, and errors while resolving </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operations</span><span/><span class="">.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Your server can use any number of different </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">data sources</span><span/><span class="">. 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d="M 1,1 l 9,9 M 10,1 l -9,9"/></marker><marker orient="auto" markerheight="11" markerwidth="11" markerunits="userSpaceOnUse" refy="5.2" refx="-1" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="marker cross flowchart" id="mermaid-0_flowchart-crossStart"><path style="stroke-width:2;stroke-dasharray:1, 0" class="arrowMarkerPath" d="M 1,1 l 9,9 M 10,1 l -9,9"/></marker><g class="root"><g class="clusters"><g id="ApolloServer" class="cluster default flowchart-label"><rect height="188" width="199.3125" y="0" x="260.796875" ry="0" rx="0"/><g transform="translate(309.4296875, 0)" class="cluster-label"><foreignobject height="19" width="102.046875"><div style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="nodeLabel">ApolloServer</span></div></foreignobject></g></g></g><g class="edgePaths"><path marker-end="url(#mermaid-0_flowchart-pointEnd)" style="fill:none" class="edge-thickness-normal edge-pattern-solid flowchart-link LS-restDataSource LE-restAPI" 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style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="edgeLabel">Fetches data</span></div></foreignobject></g></g><g transform="translate(536.453125, 136)" class="edgeLabel"><g transform="translate(-51.34375, -9.5)" class="label"><foreignobject height="19" width="102.6875"><div style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="edgeLabel">Fetches data</span></div></foreignobject></g></g><g transform="translate(185.84375, 52)" class="edgeLabel"><g transform="translate(-49.953125, -9.5)" class="label"><foreignobject height="19" width="99.90625"><div style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="edgeLabel">Sends query</span></div></foreignobject></g></g></g><g class="nodes"><g transform="translate(360.453125, 52)" id="flowchart-restDataSource-2" class="node default default flowchart-label"><rect height="34" width="149.3125" y="-17" x="-74.65625" ry="5" rx="5" class="basic label-container"/><g transform="translate(-67.15625, -9.5)" class="label"><rect/><foreignobject height="19" width="134.3125"><div style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="nodeLabel">RESTDataSource</span></div></foreignobject></g></g><g transform="translate(360.453125, 136)" id="flowchart-sqlDataSource-3" class="node default default flowchart-label"><rect height="34" width="139.828125" y="-17" x="-69.9140625" ry="5" rx="5" class="basic label-container"/><g transform="translate(-62.4140625, -9.5)" class="label"><rect/><foreignobject height="19" width="124.828125"><div style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="nodeLabel">SQLDataSource</span></div></foreignobject></g></g><g transform="translate(676.84375, 52)" id="flowchart-restAPI-0" class="node default secondary flowchart-label"><rect height="34" width="86.5625" y="-17" x="-43.28125" ry="5" rx="5" 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transform="translate(-47.9453125, -9.5)" class="label"><rect/><foreignobject height="19" width="95.890625"><div style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="nodeLabel">ApolloClient</span></div></foreignobject></g></g></g></g></g></svg></div><style data-emotion="css 1vu0ieg">.css-1vu0ieg{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vu0ieg{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1vu0ieg" id="open-source-implementations"><span><style data-emotion="css 143hk9v">.css-143hk9v{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-tertiary);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:inherit;display:inline;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;white-space:initial;word-break:break-word;}.css-143hk9v:hover,.css-143hk9v[data-hover]{color:var(--chakra-colors-link);}.css-143hk9v:focus,.css-143hk9v[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-143hk9v code{color:inherit;}</style><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#open-source-implementations"><style data-emotion="css z40qn0">.css-z40qn0{white-space:initial;word-break:break-word;display:inline;}</style><span class="css-z40qn0">Open-source implementations</span></a></span></h2><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">All </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">data source</span><span/><span class=""> implementations extend the generic </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/blob/main/packages/apollo-datasource/src/index.ts"><span class="css-z40qn0"><style data-emotion="css 1lvdtfu">.css-1lvdtfu{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-mono);font-size:calc(1em / 1.125);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-0-5);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-0-5);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);color:var(--chakra-colors-text);background-color:var(--chakra-colors-silver-400);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1lvdtfu:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1lvdtfu:not([data-theme]),.css-1lvdtfu[data-theme=dark]{background-color:var(--chakra-colors-black-200);}</style><code class="css-1lvdtfu">DataSource</code> abstract class</span><style data-emotion="css 1l39kx2">.css-1l39kx2{margin-left:5px;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;}</style><span class="css-1l39kx2"><style data-emotion="css 1v7h6gm">.css-1v7h6gm{width:0.75em;height:0.75em;fill:none;}</style><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">, which is included in the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">apollo-server</code><span><span class=""> library. Subclasses define whatever logic is required to communicate with a particular store or API.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Apollo and the larger community maintain the following open-source implementatons:</span></span></p><style data-emotion="css 1kxbhz5">.css-1kxbhz5{padding-left:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);border-left-width:2px;border-color:var(--chakra-colors-primary);}.css-1kxbhz5 &gt;:not(a):not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);}</style><div class="css-1kxbhz5"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Do you maintain a </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">DataSource</code><span><span class=""> implementation that isn't listed here? Please </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/blob/main/docs/source/data/data-sources.md"><span class="css-z40qn0">submit a PR</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> to be added to the list!</span></span></p></div><style data-emotion="css ddf0z6">.css-ddf0z6{border-radius:4px;border-width:1px;overflow:auto;}.css-ddf0z6 table{border-width:0;}</style><div class="css-ddf0z6"><style data-emotion="css 1oh6xax">.css-1oh6xax{font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;border-collapse:separate;width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);border-spacing:0;border-width:1px;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);}</style><table role="table" class="chakra-table css-1oh6xax"><thead class="css-0"><tr role="row" class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css dcorm2">.css-dcorm2{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-wider);text-align:start;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-3);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-4);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-dcorm2[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><th class="css-dcorm2">Class</th><th class="css-dcorm2">Source</th><th class="css-dcorm2">For Use With</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-0"><tr role="row" class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css hiju5f">.css-hiju5f{text-align:start;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-5);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);}.css-hiju5f[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/apollographql/datasource-rest"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">RESTDataSource</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">Apollo</td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">REST APIs (<a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#restdatasource-reference"><span class="css-z40qn0">see below</span></a>)</td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/StarpTech/apollo-datasource-http"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">HTTPDataSource</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">Community</td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">HTTP/REST APIs (newer community alternative to <code class="css-1lvdtfu">RESTDataSource</code>)</td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/cvburgess/SQLDataSource"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">SQLDataSource</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">Community</td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">SQL databases (via <a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="http://knexjs.org/"><span class="css-z40qn0">Knex.js</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a>)</td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/GraphQLGuide/apollo-datasource-mongodb/"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">MongoDataSource</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">Community</td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">MongoDB</td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/andrejpk/apollo-datasource-cosmosdb"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">CosmosDataSource</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">Community</td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">Azure Cosmos DB</td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/swantzter/apollo-datasource-firestore"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">FirestoreDataSource</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">Community</td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">Cloud Firestore</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">If none of these implementations applies to your use case, you can create your own custom </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">DataSource</code><span><span class=""> subclass.</span></span></p><div class="css-1kxbhz5"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Apollo does not provide official support for community-maintained libraries. We cannot guarantee that community-maintained libraries adhere to best practices, or that they will continue to be maintained.</span></span></p></div><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1vu0ieg" id="adding-data-sources-to-apollo-server"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#adding-data-sources-to-apollo-server"><span class="css-z40qn0">Adding data sources to Apollo Server</span></a></span></h2><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">You provide your </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">DataSource</code><span><span class=""> subclasses to the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ApolloServer</code><span><span class=""> constructor, like so:</span></span></p><div class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css 1ni5vfl">.css-1ni5vfl{position:relative;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);z-index:0;}</style><div class="css-1ni5vfl"><style data-emotion="css 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6wb6l1">.css-6wb6l1{overflow-x:auto;position:relative;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.css-6wb6l1::-webkit-scrollbar{;}</style><div class="css-6wb6l1"><style data-emotion="css 9ahm8">.css-9ahm8{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;}.css-9ahm8&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;}</style><div role="tablist" class="chakra-button__group css-9ahm8"><style data-emotion="css 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type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><style data-emotion="css 1wh2kri">.css-1wh2kri{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;-ms-grid-row-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0zm22.034 18.276c-.175-1.095-.888-2.015-3.003-2.873-.736-.345-1.554-.585-1.797-1.14-.091-.33-.105-.51-.046-.705.15-.646.915-.84 1.515-.66.39.12.75.42.976.9 1.034-.676 1.034-.676 1.755-1.125-.27-.42-.404-.601-.586-.78-.63-.705-1.469-1.065-2.834-1.034l-.705.089c-.676.165-1.32.525-1.71 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d0etnw">.css-d0etnw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;right:-1px;top:0px;bottom:0px;z-index:99;width:var(--chakra-sizes-8);background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgb(255, 255, 255) 50%,rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));opacity:0;pointer-events:none;-webkit-transition:all 250ms ease-in-out;transition:all 250ms ease-in-out;cursor:pointer;}</style><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><style data-emotion="css 10uovtp">.css-10uovtp{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);border-top-left-radius:var(--chakra-radii-none);border-top-right-radius:var(--chakra-radii-none);position:relative;border-width:1px;line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}</style><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><style data-emotion="css 1lxjm3p">.css-1lxjm3p{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-mono);}</style><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><style data-emotion="css 1iv52cs">.css-1iv52cs{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);border-bottom-width:1px;border-top-left-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);border-top-right-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);}</style><div class="css-1iv52cs">index.js</div><style data-emotion="css 1i3wzr">.css-1i3wzr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;overflow:auto;-webkit-transition:filter 200ms;transition:filter 200ms;}</style><div class="css-1i3wzr"><style data-emotion="css inwjey">.css-inwjey{display:inline-block;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);font-family:inherit;}</style><pre class="prism-code language-js css-inwjey"><style data-emotion="css j7glh4">.css-j7glh4{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}</style><div class="css-j7glh4"><style data-emotion="css 1meauqw">.css-1meauqw{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-align:right;width:2ch;margin-right:var(--chakra-space-4);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> server </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">ApolloServer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> typeDefs</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> resolvers</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1gr3pic">.css-1gr3pic{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}</style><div class="css-1gr3pic"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-variable function" style="color:#22543D">dataSources</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=&gt;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-1gr3pic"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-1gr3pic"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">moviesAPI</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">MoviesAPI</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-1gr3pic"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">7</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">personalizationAPI</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">PersonalizationAPI</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-1gr3pic"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">8</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-1gr3pic"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">9</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">10</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1paqdtk">.css-1paqdtk{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;top:var(--chakra-space-2);right:var(--chakra-space-2);-webkit-transition:opacity 200ms linear 200ms;transition:opacity 200ms linear 200ms;}.css-1paqdtk&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;}</style><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><style data-emotion="css 151dby9">.css-151dby9{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:var(--chakra-sizes-6);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-6);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-2);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-2);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-151dby9:focus,.css-151dby9[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);z-index:1;}.css-151dby9[disabled],.css-151dby9[aria-disabled=true],.css-151dby9[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-151dby9:hover,.css-151dby9[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}.css-151dby9:hover[disabled],.css-151dby9[data-hover][disabled],.css-151dby9:hover[aria-disabled=true],.css-151dby9[data-hover][aria-disabled=true],.css-151dby9:hover[data-disabled],.css-151dby9[data-hover][data-disabled]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-151dby9:active,.css-151dby9[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 6andlw">.css-6andlw{list-style-type:initial;-webkit-margin-start:1em;margin-inline-start:1em;}.css-6andlw&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:var(--chakra-space-4);}.css-6andlw ul,.css-6andlw ol{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-4);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-normal);}.css-6andlw ul{list-style-type:circle;}</style><ul role="list" class="css-6andlw"><style data-emotion="css 1w6u3e6">.css-1w6u3e6 &gt;:not(a):not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);}</style><li class="css-1w6u3e6"><span><span class="">As shown, the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">dataSources</code><span><span class=""> option is a </span></span><em>function</em><span><span class="">. This function returns an </span></span><em>object</em><span><span class=""> containing instances of your </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">DataSource</code><span><span class=""> subclasses (in this case, </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">MoviesAPI</code><span><span class=""> and </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">PersonalizationAPI</code><span><span class="">).</span></span></li><li class="css-1w6u3e6"><span>Apollo Server<span class=""> calls this function for </span></span><em>every incoming operation</em><span><span class="">. It automatically assigns the returned object to the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">dataSources</code><span><span class=""> </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">field</span><span/><span class=""> of </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="/docs/apollo-server/v2/data/resolvers/#the-context-argument"><span class="css-z40qn0">the <code class="css-1lvdtfu">context</code> object</span></a><span><span class=""> that's passed between your server's </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">resolvers</span><span/><span class="">.</span></span></li><li class="css-1w6u3e6"><span><span class="">Also as shown, </span></span><strong>the function should create a new instance of each data source for each operation.</strong><span><span class=""> If multiple </span>operations<span class=""> share a single </span>data source<span class=""> instance, you might accidentally combine results from multiple operations.</span></span></li></ul><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Your </span>resolvers<span class=""> can now access your </span>data sources<span class=""> from the shared </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">context</code><span><span class=""> object and use them to fetch data:</span></span></p><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1ni5vfl"><div class="css-wgjz4w"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.354 1.646a.5.5 0 010 .708L5.707 8l5.647 5.646a.5.5 0 01-.708.708l-6-6a.5.5 0 010-.708l6-6a.5.5 0 01.708 0z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div><div class="css-6wb6l1"><div role="tablist" class="chakra-button__group css-9ahm8"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0zm22.034 18.276c-.175-1.095-.888-2.015-3.003-2.873-.736-.345-1.554-.585-1.797-1.14-.091-.33-.105-.51-.046-.705.15-.646.915-.84 1.515-.66.39.12.75.42.976.9 1.034-.676 1.034-.676 1.755-1.125-.27-.42-.404-.601-.586-.78-.63-.705-1.469-1.065-2.834-1.034l-.705.089c-.676.165-1.32.525-1.71 1.005-1.14 1.291-.811 3.541.569 4.471 1.365 1.02 3.361 1.244 3.616 2.205.24 1.17-.87 1.545-1.966 1.41-.811-.18-1.26-.586-1.755-1.336l-1.83 1.051c.21.48.45.689.81 1.109 1.74 1.756 6.09 1.666 6.871-1.004.029-.09.24-.705.074-1.65l.046.067zm-8.983-7.245h-2.248c0 1.938-.009 3.864-.009 5.805 0 1.232.063 2.363-.138 2.711-.33.689-1.18.601-1.566.48-.396-.196-.597-.466-.83-.855-.063-.105-.11-.196-.127-.196l-1.825 1.125c.305.63.75 1.172 1.324 1.517.855.51 2.004.675 3.207.405.783-.226 1.458-.691 1.811-1.411.51-.93.402-2.07.397-3.346.012-2.054 0-4.109 0-6.179l.004-.056z"/></svg></span>JavaScript</button></div></div><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><div class="css-1iv52cs">resolvers.js</div><div class="css-1i3wzr"><pre class="prism-code language-js css-inwjey"><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> resolvers </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">Query</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-variable function" style="color:#22543D">movie</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">_</span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token parameter"> </span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token parameter"> id </span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token parameter"> </span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token parameter"> dataSources </span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=&gt;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> dataSources</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token plain">moviesAPI</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">getMovie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token plain">id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-variable function" style="color:#22543D">mostViewedMovies</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">_</span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token parameter"> __</span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token parameter"> </span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token parameter"> dataSources </span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=&gt;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">7</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> dataSources</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token plain">moviesAPI</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">getMostViewedMovies</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">8</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">9</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-variable function" style="color:#22543D">favorites</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">_</span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token parameter"> __</span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token parameter"> </span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token parameter"> dataSources </span><span class="token parameter punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=&gt;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">10</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> dataSources</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token plain">personalizationAPI</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">getFavorites</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">11</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">12</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">13</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1vu0ieg" id="caching"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#caching"><span class="css-z40qn0">Caching</span></a></span></h2><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">By default, </span>data source<span class=""> implementations use </span>Apollo Server<span class="">'s </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/blob/0aa0e4b20ef97576ce92733698a7842b61d8280e/packages/apollo-server-caching/src/InMemoryLRUCache.ts#L14"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">InMemoryLRUCache</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> to store the results of past fetches.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">When you initialize </span>Apollo Server<span class="">, you can provide its constructor a </span></span><em>different</em><span><span class=""> cache object that implements the </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/blob/0aa0e4b20ef97576ce92733698a7842b61d8280e/packages/apollo-server-caching/src/KeyValueCache.ts#L10-L14"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">KeyValueCache</code> interface</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">. This enables you to back your cache with shared stores like Memcached or Redis.</span></span></p><style data-emotion="css z257o5">.css-z257o5{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-2xl);line-height:1.33;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-z257o5{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.2;}}</style><h3 class="chakra-heading css-z257o5" id="using-memcachedredis-as-a-cache-storage-backend"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#using-memcachedredis-as-a-cache-storage-backend"><span class="css-z40qn0">Using Memcached/Redis as a cache storage backend</span></a></span></h3><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class=""> When running multiple instances of your server, you should use a shared cache backend. This enables one server instance to use the cached result from </span></span><em>another</em><span><span class=""> instance.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span>Apollo Server<span class=""> supports using </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://memcached.org/"><span class="css-z40qn0">Memcached</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> or </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://redis.io/"><span class="css-z40qn0">Redis</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> as cache stores via the </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/apollo-server-cache-memcached"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">apollo-server-cache-memcached</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> and </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/apollo-server-cache-redis"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">apollo-server-cache-redis</code></span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> packages. You can specify which one to use by creating an instance and passing it into the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ApolloServer</code><span><span class=""> constructor.</span></span></p><style data-emotion="css 68wuki">.css-68wuki{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xl);line-height:1.2;}</style><h4 class="chakra-heading css-68wuki" id="memcached"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#memcached"><span class="css-z40qn0">Memcached</span></a></span></h4><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1ni5vfl"><div class="css-wgjz4w"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.354 1.646a.5.5 0 010 .708L5.707 8l5.647 5.646a.5.5 0 01-.708.708l-6-6a.5.5 0 010-.708l6-6a.5.5 0 01.708 0z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div><div class="css-6wb6l1"><div role="tablist" class="chakra-button__group css-9ahm8"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0zm22.034 18.276c-.175-1.095-.888-2.015-3.003-2.873-.736-.345-1.554-.585-1.797-1.14-.091-.33-.105-.51-.046-.705.15-.646.915-.84 1.515-.66.39.12.75.42.976.9 1.034-.676 1.034-.676 1.755-1.125-.27-.42-.404-.601-.586-.78-.63-.705-1.469-1.065-2.834-1.034l-.705.089c-.676.165-1.32.525-1.71 1.005-1.14 1.291-.811 3.541.569 4.471 1.365 1.02 3.361 1.244 3.616 2.205.24 1.17-.87 1.545-1.966 1.41-.811-.18-1.26-.586-1.755-1.336l-1.83 1.051c.21.48.45.689.81 1.109 1.74 1.756 6.09 1.666 6.871-1.004.029-.09.24-.705.074-1.65l.046.067zm-8.983-7.245h-2.248c0 1.938-.009 3.864-.009 5.805 0 1.232.063 2.363-.138 2.711-.33.689-1.18.601-1.566.48-.396-.196-.597-.466-.83-.855-.063-.105-.11-.196-.127-.196l-1.825 1.125c.305.63.75 1.172 1.324 1.517.855.51 2.004.675 3.207.405.783-.226 1.458-.691 1.811-1.411.51-.93.402-2.07.397-3.346.012-2.054 0-4.109 0-6.179l.004-.056z"/></svg></span>JavaScript</button></div></div><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><div class="css-1i3wzr"><pre class="prism-code language-js css-inwjey"><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> MemcachedCache </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">require</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'apollo-server-cache-memcached'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> server </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">ApolloServer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> typeDefs</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> resolvers</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">cache</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">MemcachedCache</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">7</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">[</span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'memcached-server-1'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'memcached-server-2'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'memcached-server-3'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">8</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">retries</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#7B00C7">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">retry</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#7B00C7">10000</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// Options</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">9</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">10</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-variable function" style="color:#22543D">dataSources</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=&gt;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">11</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">moviesAPI</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">MoviesAPI</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">12</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">13</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">For the options you can pass to the underlying Memcached client, </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/3rd-Eden/memcached"><span class="css-z40qn0">see the documentation</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><h4 class="chakra-heading css-68wuki" id="redis"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#redis"><span class="css-z40qn0">Redis</span></a></span></h4><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1ni5vfl"><div class="css-wgjz4w"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.354 1.646a.5.5 0 010 .708L5.707 8l5.647 5.646a.5.5 0 01-.708.708l-6-6a.5.5 0 010-.708l6-6a.5.5 0 01.708 0z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div><div class="css-6wb6l1"><div role="tablist" class="chakra-button__group css-9ahm8"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0zm22.034 18.276c-.175-1.095-.888-2.015-3.003-2.873-.736-.345-1.554-.585-1.797-1.14-.091-.33-.105-.51-.046-.705.15-.646.915-.84 1.515-.66.39.12.75.42.976.9 1.034-.676 1.034-.676 1.755-1.125-.27-.42-.404-.601-.586-.78-.63-.705-1.469-1.065-2.834-1.034l-.705.089c-.676.165-1.32.525-1.71 1.005-1.14 1.291-.811 3.541.569 4.471 1.365 1.02 3.361 1.244 3.616 2.205.24 1.17-.87 1.545-1.966 1.41-.811-.18-1.26-.586-1.755-1.336l-1.83 1.051c.21.48.45.689.81 1.109 1.74 1.756 6.09 1.666 6.871-1.004.029-.09.24-.705.074-1.65l.046.067zm-8.983-7.245h-2.248c0 1.938-.009 3.864-.009 5.805 0 1.232.063 2.363-.138 2.711-.33.689-1.18.601-1.566.48-.396-.196-.597-.466-.83-.855-.063-.105-.11-.196-.127-.196l-1.825 1.125c.305.63.75 1.172 1.324 1.517.855.51 2.004.675 3.207.405.783-.226 1.458-.691 1.811-1.411.51-.93.402-2.07.397-3.346.012-2.054 0-4.109 0-6.179l.004-.056z"/></svg></span>JavaScript</button></div></div><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><div class="css-1iv52cs">Redis</div><div class="css-1i3wzr"><pre class="prism-code language-js css-inwjey"><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> BaseRedisCache </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">require</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'apollo-server-cache-redis'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> Redis </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">require</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'ioredis'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> server </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">ApolloServer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> typeDefs</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> resolvers</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">7</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">cache</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">BaseRedisCache</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">8</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">client</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">Redis</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">9</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">host</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'redis-server'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">10</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">11</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">12</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-variable function" style="color:#22543D">dataSources</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=&gt;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">13</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">moviesAPI</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">MoviesAPI</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">14</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">15</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">For the options you can pass to the underlying Redis client, </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/luin/ioredis"><span class="css-z40qn0">see the documentation</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><h3 class="chakra-heading css-z257o5" id="implementing-your-own-cache-backend"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#implementing-your-own-cache-backend"><span class="css-z40qn0">Implementing your own cache backend</span></a></span></h3><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">You can create your own implementation of the </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/blob/0aa0e4b20ef97576ce92733698a7842b61d8280e/packages/apollo-server-caching/src/KeyValueCache.ts#L10-L14"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">KeyValueCache</code> interface</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> to connect to other caching data stores, or to optimize for your application's </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">query</span><span/><span class=""> characteristics.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">For more information, see the README in for </span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/apollo-server-caching"><span class="css-z40qn0">apollo-server-caching</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1vu0ieg" id="restdatasource-reference"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#restdatasource-reference"><span class="css-z40qn0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">RESTDataSource</code> reference</span></a></span></h2><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">The </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">RESTDataSource</code><span><span class=""> abstract class helps you fetch data from REST APIs. Your server defines a separate subclass of </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">RESTDataSource</code><span><span class=""> for each REST API it communicates with.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">To get started, install the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">apollo-datasource-rest</code><span><span class=""> package:</span></span></p><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1ni5vfl"><div class="css-wgjz4w"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.354 1.646a.5.5 0 010 .708L5.707 8l5.647 5.646a.5.5 0 01-.708.708l-6-6a.5.5 0 010-.708l6-6a.5.5 0 01.708 0z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div><div class="css-6wb6l1"><div role="tablist" class="chakra-button__group css-9ahm8"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M21.038,4.9l-7.577-4.498C13.009,0.134,12.505,0,12,0c-0.505,0-1.009,0.134-1.462,0.403L2.961,4.9 C2.057,5.437,1.5,6.429,1.5,7.503v8.995c0,1.073,0.557,2.066,1.462,2.603l7.577,4.497C10.991,23.866,11.495,24,12,24 c0.505,0,1.009-0.134,1.461-0.402l7.577-4.497c0.904-0.537,1.462-1.529,1.462-2.603V7.503C22.5,6.429,21.943,5.437,21.038,4.9z M15.17,18.946l0.013,0.646c0.001,0.078-0.05,0.167-0.111,0.198l-0.383,0.22c-0.061,0.031-0.111-0.007-0.112-0.085L14.57,19.29 c-0.328,0.136-0.66,0.169-0.872,0.084c-0.04-0.016-0.057-0.075-0.041-0.142l0.139-0.584c0.011-0.046,0.036-0.092,0.069-0.121 c0.012-0.011,0.024-0.02,0.036-0.026c0.022-0.011,0.043-0.014,0.062-0.006c0.229,0.077,0.521,0.041,0.802-0.101 c0.357-0.181,0.596-0.545,0.592-0.907c-0.003-0.328-0.181-0.465-0.613-0.468c-0.55,0.001-1.064-0.107-1.072-0.917 c-0.007-0.667,0.34-1.361,0.889-1.8l-0.007-0.652c-0.001-0.08,0.048-0.168,0.111-0.2l0.37-0.236 c0.061-0.031,0.111,0.007,0.112,0.087l0.006,0.653c0.273-0.109,0.511-0.138,0.726-0.088c0.047,0.012,0.067,0.076,0.048,0.151 l-0.144,0.578c-0.011,0.044-0.036,0.088-0.065,0.116c-0.012,0.012-0.025,0.021-0.038,0.028c-0.019,0.01-0.038,0.013-0.057,0.009 c-0.098-0.022-0.332-0.073-0.699,0.113c-0.385,0.195-0.52,0.53-0.517,0.778c0.003,0.297,0.155,0.387,0.681,0.396 c0.7,0.012,1.003,0.318,1.01,1.023C16.105,17.747,15.736,18.491,15.17,18.946z M19.143,17.859c0,0.06-0.008,0.116-0.058,0.145 l-1.916,1.164c-0.05,0.029-0.09,0.004-0.09-0.056v-0.494c0-0.06,0.037-0.093,0.087-0.122l1.887-1.129 c0.05-0.029,0.09-0.004,0.09,0.056V17.859z M20.459,6.797l-7.168,4.427c-0.894,0.523-1.553,1.109-1.553,2.187v8.833 c0,0.645,0.26,1.063,0.66,1.184c-0.131,0.023-0.264,0.039-0.398,0.039c-0.42,0-0.833-0.114-1.197-0.33L3.226,18.64 c-0.741-0.44-1.201-1.261-1.201-2.142V7.503c0-0.881,0.46-1.702,1.201-2.142l7.577-4.498c0.363-0.216,0.777-0.33,1.197-0.33 c0.419,0,0.833,0.114,1.197,0.33l7.577,4.498c0.624,0.371,1.046,1.013,1.164,1.732C21.686,6.557,21.12,6.411,20.459,6.797z"/></svg></span>Bash</button></div></div><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><div class="css-1i3wzr"><pre class="prism-code language-bash css-inwjey"><div class="css-j7glh4"><style data-emotion="css dacbbu">.css-dacbbu{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-align:right;width:1ch;margin-right:var(--chakra-space-4);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">npm</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">install</span><span class="token plain"> apollo-datasource-rest</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">You then extend the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">RESTDataSource</code><span><span class=""> class and implement whatever data-fetching methods your </span>resolvers<span class=""> need. These methods can use built-in convenience methods (like </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">get</code><span><span class=""> and </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">post</code><span><span class="">) to perform HTTP requests, helping you add </span>query<span class=""> parameters, parse JSON results, and handle errors.</span></span></p><h3 class="chakra-heading css-z257o5" id="example"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#example"><span class="css-z40qn0">Example</span></a></span></h3><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Here's an example </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">RESTDataSource</code><span><span class=""> subclass that defines two data-fetching methods, </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">getMovie</code><span><span class=""> and </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">getMostViewedMovies</code><span><span class="">:</span></span></p><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1ni5vfl"><div class="css-wgjz4w"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.354 1.646a.5.5 0 010 .708L5.707 8l5.647 5.646a.5.5 0 01-.708.708l-6-6a.5.5 0 010-.708l6-6a.5.5 0 01.708 0z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div><div class="css-6wb6l1"><div role="tablist" class="chakra-button__group css-9ahm8"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0zm22.034 18.276c-.175-1.095-.888-2.015-3.003-2.873-.736-.345-1.554-.585-1.797-1.14-.091-.33-.105-.51-.046-.705.15-.646.915-.84 1.515-.66.39.12.75.42.976.9 1.034-.676 1.034-.676 1.755-1.125-.27-.42-.404-.601-.586-.78-.63-.705-1.469-1.065-2.834-1.034l-.705.089c-.676.165-1.32.525-1.71 1.005-1.14 1.291-.811 3.541.569 4.471 1.365 1.02 3.361 1.244 3.616 2.205.24 1.17-.87 1.545-1.966 1.41-.811-.18-1.26-.586-1.755-1.336l-1.83 1.051c.21.48.45.689.81 1.109 1.74 1.756 6.09 1.666 6.871-1.004.029-.09.24-.705.074-1.65l.046.067zm-8.983-7.245h-2.248c0 1.938-.009 3.864-.009 5.805 0 1.232.063 2.363-.138 2.711-.33.689-1.18.601-1.566.48-.396-.196-.597-.466-.83-.855-.063-.105-.11-.196-.127-.196l-1.825 1.125c.305.63.75 1.172 1.324 1.517.855.51 2.004.675 3.207.405.783-.226 1.458-.691 1.811-1.411.51-.93.402-2.07.397-3.346.012-2.054 0-4.109 0-6.179l.004-.056z"/></svg></span>JavaScript</button></div></div><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><div class="css-1iv52cs">movies-api.js</div><div class="css-1i3wzr"><pre class="prism-code language-js css-inwjey"><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> RESTDataSource </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">require</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'apollo-datasource-rest'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">class</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">MoviesAPI</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">extends</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">RESTDataSource</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">constructor</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// Always call super()</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">super</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">7</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// Sets the base URL for the REST API</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">8</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token plain">baseURL </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'https://movies-api.example.com/'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">9</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">10</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">11</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">getMovie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">12</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// Send a GET request to the specified endpoint</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">13</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">get</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#B03900">movies/</span><span class="token template-string interpolation interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="color:#546461">${</span><span class="token template-string interpolation">id</span><span class="token template-string interpolation interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">14</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">15</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">16</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">getMostViewedMovies</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">limit </span><span class="token parameter operator">=</span><span class="token parameter"> </span><span class="token parameter number" style="color:#7B00C7">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">17</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> data </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">await</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">get</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'movies'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">18</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// Query parameters</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">19</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">per_page</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> limit</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">20</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">order_by</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'most_viewed'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">21</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">22</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> data</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token plain">results</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">23</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">24</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div><h3 class="chakra-heading css-z257o5" id="http-methods"><span><a class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="#http-methods"><span class="css-z40qn0">HTTP Methods</span></a></span></h3><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">RESTDataSource</code><span><span class=""> includes convenience methods for common REST API request methods: </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">get</code><span><span class="">, </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">post</code><span><span class="">, </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">put</code><span><span class="">, </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">patch</code><span><span class="">, and </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">delete</code><span><span class=""> (</span></span><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-143hk9v" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/blob/main/packages/apollo-datasource-rest/src/RESTDataSource.ts#L154-L202"><span class="css-z40qn0">see the source</span><span class="css-1l39kx2"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">).</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">An example of each is shown below:</span></span></p><style data-emotion="css 1ho4w5a">.css-1ho4w5a{border-width:1px;border-left-width:2px;border-left-color:var(--chakra-colors-primary);border-top-right-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);overflow:hidden;}</style><div class="css-1ho4w5a"><style data-emotion="css yfjpi7">.css-yfjpi7{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:100%;line-height:1.2;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-none);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:var(--chakra-sizes-10);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);color:inherit;}.css-yfjpi7:focus,.css-yfjpi7[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-yfjpi7[disabled],.css-yfjpi7[aria-disabled=true],.css-yfjpi7[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-yfjpi7:hover,.css-yfjpi7[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-yfjpi7:hover[disabled],.css-yfjpi7[data-hover][disabled],.css-yfjpi7:hover[aria-disabled=true],.css-yfjpi7[data-hover][aria-disabled=true],.css-yfjpi7:hover[data-disabled],.css-yfjpi7[data-hover][data-disabled]{background:initial;}.css-yfjpi7:active,.css-yfjpi7[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-yfjpi7"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><style data-emotion="css 1yue7os">.css-1yue7os{width:1em;height:1em;fill:none;}</style><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 10l4-4 4 4"/></svg></span>Click to expand</button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;;opacity:0;height:0px"><style data-emotion="css 1ego2c0">.css-1ego2c0{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding:var(--chakra-space-4);}.css-1ego2c0&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:0px;margin-inline-start:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-1ego2c0"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1ni5vfl"><div class="css-wgjz4w"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.354 1.646a.5.5 0 010 .708L5.707 8l5.647 5.646a.5.5 0 01-.708.708l-6-6a.5.5 0 010-.708l6-6a.5.5 0 01.708 0z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div><div class="css-6wb6l1"><div role="tablist" class="chakra-button__group css-9ahm8"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0zm22.034 18.276c-.175-1.095-.888-2.015-3.003-2.873-.736-.345-1.554-.585-1.797-1.14-.091-.33-.105-.51-.046-.705.15-.646.915-.84 1.515-.66.39.12.75.42.976.9 1.034-.676 1.034-.676 1.755-1.125-.27-.42-.404-.601-.586-.78-.63-.705-1.469-1.065-2.834-1.034l-.705.089c-.676.165-1.32.525-1.71 1.005-1.14 1.291-.811 3.541.569 4.471 1.365 1.02 3.361 1.244 3.616 2.205.24 1.17-.87 1.545-1.966 1.41-.811-.18-1.26-.586-1.755-1.336l-1.83 1.051c.21.48.45.689.81 1.109 1.74 1.756 6.09 1.666 6.871-1.004.029-.09.24-.705.074-1.65l.046.067zm-8.983-7.245h-2.248c0 1.938-.009 3.864-.009 5.805 0 1.232.063 2.363-.138 2.711-.33.689-1.18.601-1.566.48-.396-.196-.597-.466-.83-.855-.063-.105-.11-.196-.127-.196l-1.825 1.125c.305.63.75 1.172 1.324 1.517.855.51 2.004.675 3.207.405.783-.226 1.458-.691 1.811-1.411.51-.93.402-2.07.397-3.346.012-2.054 0-4.109 0-6.179l.004-.056z"/></svg></span>JavaScript</button></div></div><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><div class="css-1i3wzr"><pre class="prism-code language-js css-inwjey"><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">class</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">MoviesAPI</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">extends</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">RESTDataSource</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">constructor</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">super</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token plain">baseURL </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'https://movies-api.example.com/'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">7</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// GET</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">8</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">getMovie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">9</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">get</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">10</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#B03900">movies/</span><span class="token template-string interpolation interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="color:#546461">${</span><span class="token template-string interpolation">id</span><span class="token template-string interpolation interpolation-punctuation punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// path</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">11</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">12</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">13</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">14</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// POST</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">15</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">postMovie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">movie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">16</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">post</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">17</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#B03900">movies</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// path</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">18</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> movie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// request body</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">19</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">20</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">21</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">22</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// PUT</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">23</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">newMovie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">movie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">24</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">put</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">25</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#B03900">movies</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// path</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">26</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> movie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// request body</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">27</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">28</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">29</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">30</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// PATCH</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">31</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">async</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">updateMovie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token parameter">movie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">32</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">patch</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">33</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#B03900">movies</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#B03900">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// path</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">34</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token literal-property property" style="color:#22543D">id</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> movie</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token plain">id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> movie </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// request body</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">35</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">36</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">37</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block">