Warning Prior to PHP 8.0.0, if a string is compared to a number or a numeric string then the string was converted to a number before performing the comparison. This can lead to surprising results as can be seen with the following example: <?php
var_dump ( 0 == "a" );
var_dump ( "1" == "01" );
var_dump ( "10" == "1e1" );
var_dump ( 100 == "1e2" );

switch ( "a" ) {
case 0 :
echo "0" ;
break;
case "a" :
echo "a" ;
break;
}
?> <?php
// Integers
echo 1 <=> 1 ; // 0
echo 1 <=> 2 ; // -1
echo 2 <=> 1 ; // 1

// Floats
echo 1.5 <=> 1.5 ; // 0
echo 1.5 <=> 2.5 ; // -1
echo 2.5 <=> 1.5 ; // 1

// Strings
echo "a" <=> "a" ; // 0
echo "a" <=> "b" ; // -1
echo "b" <=> "a" ; // 1

echo "a" <=> "aa" ; // -1
echo "zz" <=> "aa" ; // 1

// Arrays
echo [] <=> []; // 0
echo [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] <=> [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]; // 0
echo [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] <=> []; // 1
echo [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] <=> [ 1 , 2 , 1 ]; // 1
echo [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] <=> [ 1 , 2 , 4 ]; // -1

// Objects
$a = (object) [ "a" => "b" ];
$b = (object) [ "a" => "b" ];
echo $a <=> $b ; // 0

$a = (object) [ "a" => "b" ];
$b = (object) [ "a" => "c" ];
echo $a <=> $b ; // -1

$a = (object) [ "a" => "c" ];
$b = (object) [ "a" => "b" ];
echo $a <=> $b ; // 1

// not only values are compared; keys must match
$a = (object) [ "a" => "b" ];
$b = (object) [ "b" => "b" ];
echo $a <=> $b ; // 1

?> array Array with fewer members is smaller, if key from operand 1 is not found in operand 2 then arrays are incomparable, otherwise - compare value by value (see following example) object anything object is always greater array anything array is always greater <?php
// Bool and null are compared as bool always
var_dump ( 1 == TRUE ); // TRUE - same as (bool)1 == TRUE
var_dump ( 0 == FALSE ); // TRUE - same as (bool)0 == FALSE
var_dump ( 100 < TRUE ); // FALSE - same as (bool)100 < TRUE
var_dump (- 10 < FALSE ); // FALSE - same as (bool)-10 < FALSE
var_dump ( min (- 100 , - 10 , NULL , 10 , 100 )); // NULL - (bool)NULL < (bool)-100 is FALSE < TRUE
?> <?php
// Arrays are compared like this with standard comparison operators as well as the spaceship operator.
function standard_array_compare ( $op1 , $op2 )
{
if ( count ( $op1 ) < count ( $op2 )) {
return - 1 ; // $op1 < $op2
} elseif ( count ( $op1 ) > count ( $op2 )) {
return 1 ; // $op1 > $op2
}
foreach ( $op1 as $key => $val ) {
if (! array_key_exists ( $key , $op2 )) {
return 1 ;
} elseif ( $val < $op2 [ $key ]) {
return - 1 ;
} elseif ( $val > $op2 [ $key ]) {
return 1 ;
}
}
return 0 ; // $op1 == $op2
}
?>

Note : Be aware that PHP's type juggling is not always obvious when comparing values of different types, particularly comparing int s to bool s or int s to string s. It is therefore generally advisable to use === and !== comparisons rather than == and != in most cases. While identity comparison ( === and !== ) can be applied to arbitrary values, the other comparison operators should only be applied to comparable values. The result of comparing incomparable values is undefined, and should not be relied upon. Another conditional operator is the "?:" (or ternary) operator.

Example #3 Assigning a default value

<?php
// Example usage for: Ternary Operator
$action = (empty( $_POST [ 'action' ])) ? 'default' : $_POST [ 'action' ];

// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if (empty( $_POST [ 'action' ])) {
$action = 'default' ;
} else {
$action = $_POST [ 'action' ];
}
?> The expression (expr1) ? (expr2) : (expr3) evaluates to expr2 if expr1 evaluates to true , and expr3 if expr1 evaluates to false . It is possible to leave out the middle part of the ternary operator. Expression expr1 ?: expr3 evaluates to the result of expr1 if expr1 evaluates to true , and expr3 otherwise. expr1 is only evaluated once in this case.

Note : Please note that the ternary operator is an expression, and that it doesn't evaluate to a variable, but to the result of an expression. This is important to know if you want to return a variable by reference. The statement return $var == 42 ? $a : $b; in a return-by-reference function will therefore not work and a warning is issued.

Note : It is recommended to avoid "stacking" ternary expressions. PHP's behaviour when using more than one unparenthesized ternary operator within a single expression is non-obvious compared to other languages. Indeed prior to PHP 8.0.0, ternary expressions were evaluated left-associative, instead of right-associative like most other programming languages. Relying on left-associativity is deprecated as of PHP 7.4.0. As of PHP 8.0.0, the ternary operator is non-associative.

Example #4 Non-obvious Ternary Behaviour

<?php
// on first glance, the following appears to output 'true'
echo ( true ? 'true' : false ? 't' : 'f' );

// however, the actual output of the above is 't' prior to PHP 8.0.0
// this is because ternary expressions are left-associative

// the following is a more obvious version of the same code as above
echo (( true ? 'true' : false ) ? 't' : 'f' );

// here, one can see that the first expression is evaluated to 'true', which
// in turn evaluates to (bool)true, thus returning the true branch of the
// second ternary expression.
?> Chaining of short-ternaries ( ?: ), however, is stable and behaves reasonably. It will evaluate to the first argument that evaluates to a non-falsy value. Note that undefined values will still raise a warning.

Example #5 Short-ternary chaining

<?php
echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3 , PHP_EOL ; //1
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 2 ?: 3 , PHP_EOL ; //2
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 0 ?: 3 , PHP_EOL ; //3
?>

Null Coalescing Operator

Another useful shorthand operator is the "??" (or null coalescing) operator.

Example #6 Assigning a default value

<?php
// Example usage for: Null Coalesce Operator
$action = $_POST [ 'action' ] ?? 'default' ;

// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if (isset( $_POST [ 'action' ])) {
$action = $_POST [ 'action' ];
} else {
$action = 'default' ;
}
?> The expression (expr1) ?? (expr2) evaluates to expr2 if expr1 is null , and expr1 otherwise. In particular, this operator does not emit a notice or warning if the left-hand side value does not exist, just like isset() . This is especially useful on array keys.

Note : Please note that the null coalescing operator is an expression, and that it doesn't evaluate to a variable, but to the result of an expression. This is important to know if you want to return a variable by reference. The statement return $foo ?? $bar; in a return-by-reference function will therefore not work and a warning is issued.

Note : The null coalescing operator has low precedence. That means if mixing it with other operators (such as string concatenation or arithmetic operators) parentheses will likely be required. <?php
// Raises a warning that $name is undefined.
print 'Mr. ' . $name ?? 'Anonymous' ;

// Prints "Mr. Anonymous"
print 'Mr. ' . ( $name ?? 'Anonymous' );
?> Please note that the null coalescing operator allows for simple nesting:

Example #7 Nesting null coalescing operator

<?php

$foo = null ;
$bar = null ;
$baz = 1 ;
$qux = 2 ;

echo $foo ?? $bar ?? $baz ?? $qux ; // outputs 1

?> I couldn't find much info on stacking the new ternary operator, so I ran some tests:

<?php
echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3 ; //1
echo 1 ?: 0 ?: 3 ?: 2 ; //1
echo 2 ?: 1 ?: 0 ?: 3 ; //2
echo 3 ?: 2 ?: 1 ?: 0 ; //3

echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3 ; //1
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 2 ?: 3 ; //2
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 0 ?: 3 ; //3
?>

It works just as expected, returning the first non-false value within a group of expressions. Please be careful when you try to compare strings that have a plus sign `+` at the beginning (such as phone number, etc). When you use the Equal operator `==` PHP will ignore the plus sign. Use Identical operator `===` instead

Example:

$str1 = "62";
$str2 = "+62";

var_dump($str1 == $str2); // bool(true)
var_dump($str1 === $str2); // bool(false) Extending from here: https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.operators.comparison.php#121907

$a = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3, 'e' => 4];
$b = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'd' => 3, 'e' => 4];

echo $a > $b; // 0
echo $b > $a; // 0
echo $a <$b; // 0
echo $b < $a; // 0

If using spaceship operator then it is returning true like :

echo $a <=> $b; //1
echo $b <=> $a; //1
echo $a <=> $b; //1
echo $b <=> $a; //1 Note: according to the spec, PHP's comparison operators are not transitive.  For example, the following are all true in PHP5:

"11" < "a" < 2 < "11"

As a result, the outcome of sorting an array depends on the order the elements appear in the pre-sort array.  The following code will dump out two arrays with *different* orderings:

<?php
$a = array( 2 , "a" , "11" , 2 );
$b = array( 2 , "11" , "a" , 2 );
sort ( $a );
var_dump ( $a );
sort ( $b );
var_dump ( $b );
?>

This is not a bug report -- given the spec on this documentation page, what PHP does is "correct".  But that may not be what was intended... You can't just compare two arrays with the === operator
like you would think to find out if they are equal or not.  This is more complicated when you have multi-dimensional arrays.  Here is a recursive comparison function.

<?php
/**
* Compares two arrays to see if they contain the same values.  Returns TRUE or FALSE.
* usefull for determining if a record or block of data was modified (perhaps by user input)
* prior to setting a "date_last_updated" or skipping updating the db in the case of no change.
*
* @param array $a1
* @param array $a2
* @return boolean
*/
function array_compare_recursive ( $a1 , $a2 )
{
if (!( is_array ( $a1 ) and ( is_array ( $a2 )))) { return FALSE ;}

if (! count ( $a1 ) == count ( $a2 ))
{
return FALSE ; // arrays don't have same number of entries
}

foreach ( $a1 as $key => $val )
{
if (! array_key_exists ( $key , $a2 ))
{return FALSE ; // uncomparable array keys don't match
}
elseif ( is_array ( $val ) and is_array ( $a2 [ $key ])) // if both entries are arrays then compare recursive
{if (! array_compare_recursive ( $val , $a2 [ $key ])) return FALSE ;
}
elseif (!( $val === $a2 [ $key ])) // compare entries must be of same type.
{return FALSE ;
}
}
return TRUE ; // $a1 === $a2
}
?> When you want to know if two arrays contain the same values, regardless of the values' order, you cannot use "==" or "===".  In other words:

<?php
(array( 1 , 2 ) == array( 2 , 1 )) === false ;
?>

To answer that question, use:

<?php
function array_equal ( $a , $b ) {
return ( is_array ( $a ) && is_array ( $b ) && array_diff ( $a , $b ) === array_diff ( $b , $a ));
}
?>

A related, but more strict problem, is if you need to ensure that two arrays contain the same key=>value pairs, regardless of the order of the pairs.  In that case, use:

<?php
function array_identical ( $a , $b ) {
return ( is_array ( $a ) && is_array ( $b ) && array_diff_assoc ( $a , $b ) === array_diff_assoc ( $b , $a ));
}
?>

Example:
<?php
$a = array ( 2 , 1 );
$b = array ( 1 , 2 );
// true === array_equal($a, $b);
// false === array_identical($a, $b);

$a = array ( 'a' => 2 , 'b' => 1 );
$b = array ( 'b' => 1 , 'a' => 2 );
// true === array_identical($a, $b)
// true === array_equal($a, $b)
?>

(See also the solution "rshawiii at yahoo dot com" posted) Care must be taken when using the spaceship operator with arrays that do not have the same keys:

- Contrary to the notes above ("Example #2 Transcription of standard array comparison"), it does *not* return null if the left-hand array contains a key that the right-hand array does not.
- Because of this, the result depends on the order you do the comparison in.

For example:

<?php
$a = [ 'a' => 1 , 'b' => 2 , 'c' => 3 , 'e' => 4 ];
$b = [ 'a' => 1 , 'b' => 2 , 'd' => 3 , 'e' => 4 ];

var_dump ( $a <=> $b ); // int(1) : $a > $b because $a has the 'c' key and $b doesn't.

var_dump ( $b <=> $a ); // int(1) : $b > $a because $b has the 'd' key and $a doesn't.
?> A < B and still B < A...

$A = [1 => 1, 2 => 0, 3 => 1];
$B = [1 => 1, 3 => 0, 2 => 1];

var_dump($A < $B);  // TRUE
var_dump($B < $A);  // TRUE

var_dump($A > $B);  // TRUE
var_dump($B > $A);  // TRUE

Next - C and D are comparable, but neither C < D nor D < C (and still C != D)...

$C = [1 => 1, 2 => 1, 3 => 0];
$D = [1 => 1, 3 => 1, 2 => 0];

var_dump($C < $D); // FALSE
var_dump($D < $C); // FALSE

var_dump($C > $D); // FALSE
var_dump($D > $C); // FALSE

var_dump($D == $C); // FALSE In the table "Comparison with Various Types", please move the last line about "Object" to be above the line about "Array", since Object is considered to be greater than Array (tested on 5.3.3)

(Please remove my "Anonymous" post of the same content before. You could check IP to see that I forgot to type my name) Please note that using the null coalescing operator to check properties on a class that has the __get magic method (without an __isset magic method) invokes the magic method.

For example:

<?php

class A
{
public function __get ( $property )
{
echo 'Called __get for ' . $property . PHP_EOL ;
}
}

$a = new A ();

echo 'Trying null coalescing operator' . PHP_EOL ;
$b = $a -> test ?? 5 ;

echo 'Trying isset()' . PHP_EOL ;
if (isset( $a -> test )) {
$b = $a -> test ;
} else {
$b = 5 ;
}

?>