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class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="0" href="/docs/apollo-server/"><style data-emotion="css 70qvj9">.css-70qvj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><span class="css-70qvj9">Introduction </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="0" href="/docs/apollo-server/getting-started"><span class="css-70qvj9">Get started </span></a><style data-emotion="css 1a88wtd">.css-1a88wtd{padding-left:0px;}</style><div class="css-1a88wtd"><style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><style data-emotion="css 7rklk1">.css-7rklk1{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);}.css-7rklk1&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1-5);-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:0px;margin-inline-start:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/migration"><span class="css-70qvj9">Migrating to Apollo Server 4 </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/previous-versions"><span class="css-70qvj9">Previous versions </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/blob/main/packages/server/CHANGELOG.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span class="css-70qvj9">Changelog </span><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1hzyiq5"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.281 9.577l8.75-8.608m0 0v4.92m0-4.92h-5M8.078 4.094H1.516a.547.547 0 00-.547.547v9.843a.547.547 0 00.547.547h9.843a.547.547 0 00.547-.547V7.922"/></svg></span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Defining a Schema</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/schema/schema"><span class="css-70qvj9">Schema basics </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/schema/unions-interfaces"><span class="css-70qvj9">Unions and interfaces </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/schema/custom-scalars"><span class="css-70qvj9">Custom scalars </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/schema/directives"><span class="css-70qvj9">Directives </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Resolving Operations</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/resolvers"><span class="css-70qvj9">Resolvers </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/context"><span class="css-70qvj9">Sharing context </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/errors"><span class="css-70qvj9">Error handling </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/subscriptions"><span class="css-70qvj9">Subscriptions </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Fetching Data</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/fetching-data"><span class="css-70qvj9">Overview </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/fetching-rest"><span class="css-70qvj9">REST APIs </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Web Frameworks</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/integrations/integration-index"><span class="css-70qvj9">Integrations </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/integrations/building-integrations"><span class="css-70qvj9">Building integrations </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/integrations/mern"><span class="css-70qvj9">MERN stack tutorial </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Development Workflow</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/workflow/build-run-queries"><span class="css-70qvj9">Build and run queries </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/workflow/requests"><span class="css-70qvj9">Request format </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/workflow/generate-types"><span class="css-70qvj9">Generating TS types </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/testing/mocking"><span class="css-70qvj9">Mocking </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/testing/testing"><span class="css-70qvj9">Integration testing </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="https://www.apollographql.com/docs/studio/explorer/"><span class="css-70qvj9">Apollo Studio Explorer </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Performance</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/performance/caching"><span class="css-70qvj9">Caching </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/performance/cache-backends"><span class="css-70qvj9">Cache backends </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/performance/apq"><span class="css-70qvj9">Automatic persisted queries </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Security</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/security/authentication"><span class="css-70qvj9">Auth </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/security/cors"><span class="css-70qvj9">CORS </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/security/terminating-ssl"><span class="css-70qvj9">Terminating SSL </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/security/proxy-configuration"><span class="css-70qvj9">Proxy configuration </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Deployment</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/deployment/lambda"><span class="css-70qvj9">Lambda </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/deployment/heroku"><span class="css-70qvj9">Heroku </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Monitoring</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/monitoring/metrics"><span class="css-70qvj9">Metrics and logging </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/monitoring/health-checks"><span class="css-70qvj9">Health checks </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="true"><span>API Reference</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><style data-emotion="css d1xus3">.css-d1xus3{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:normal;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-3);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-3);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-3);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-3);color:#FDFDFD;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-primary);}.css-d1xus3:focus,.css-d1xus3[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-d1xus3[disabled],.css-d1xus3[aria-disabled=true],.css-d1xus3[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-d1xus3:hover,.css-d1xus3[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-d1xus3:hover[disabled],.css-d1xus3[data-hover][disabled],.css-d1xus3:hover[aria-disabled=true],.css-d1xus3[data-hover][aria-disabled=true],.css-d1xus3:hover[data-disabled],.css-d1xus3[data-hover][data-disabled]{background:initial;}.css-d1xus3:active,.css-d1xus3[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}</style><a class="chakra-button css-d1xus3" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/apollo-server"><span class="css-70qvj9">ApolloServer </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/standalone"><span class="css-70qvj9">startStandaloneServer </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/express-middleware"><span class="css-70qvj9">expressMiddleware </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Plugins</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="1" href="/docs/apollo-server/builtin-plugins"><span class="css-70qvj9">Overview </span></a><style data-emotion="css tvzngu">.css-tvzngu{padding-left:var(--chakra-space-2);}</style><div class="css-tvzngu"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Built-in</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/usage-reporting"><span class="css-70qvj9">Usage reporting </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/schema-reporting"><span class="css-70qvj9">Schema reporting </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/inline-trace"><span class="css-70qvj9">Inline trace </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/drain-http-server"><span class="css-70qvj9">Drain HTTP server </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/cache-control"><span class="css-70qvj9">Cache control </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/landing-pages"><span class="css-70qvj9">Landing pages </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/subscription-callback"><span class="css-70qvj9">Federated subscriptions </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-tvzngu"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Custom</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/integrations/plugins"><span class="css-70qvj9">Creating plugins </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/integrations/plugins-event-reference"><span class="css-70qvj9">Event reference </span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="css-1a88wtd"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>Using with Federation</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><div class="css-tvzngu"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>As a subgraph</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/using-federation/apollo-subgraph-setup"><span class="css-70qvj9">Setup </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/using-federation/api/apollo-subgraph/"><span class="css-70qvj9">@apollo/subgraph reference </span></a></div></div></div><div class="css-tvzngu"><button class="chakra-stack css-1htazvk" data-group="false"><span>As a gateway</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 16 16" class="css-1yue7os"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4 6l4 4 4-4"/></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:block;opacity:1;height:auto"><div class="chakra-stack css-7rklk1"><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/using-federation/apollo-gateway-setup"><span class="css-70qvj9">Setup </span></a><a class="chakra-button css-34b800" data-depth="2" href="/docs/apollo-server/using-federation/api/apollo-gateway/"><span class="css-70qvj9">@apollo/gateway reference </span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></nav><style data-emotion="css 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1agee8u">.css-1agee8u{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);line-height:1.2;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1agee8u{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-5xl);line-height:1;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-1agee8u">API Reference: ApolloServer</h1><style data-emotion="css ele70p">.css-ele70p{opacity:0.6;border:0;border-color:inherit;border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:1px;width:100%;margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}</style><hr aria-orientation="horizontal" class="chakra-divider css-ele70p"/><style data-emotion="css 2jon2v">@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-2jon2v{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);line-height:1.5;}}.css-2jon2v h1 a,.css-2jon2v h2 a,.css-2jon2v h3 a,.css-2jon2v h4 a,.css-2jon2v h5 a,.css-2jon2v h6 a{color:inherit;}.css-2jon2v h1 code,.css-2jon2v h2 code,.css-2jon2v h3 code,.css-2jon2v h4 code,.css-2jon2v h5 code,.css-2jon2v h6 code{background:none;padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-tertiary);white-space:normal;}.css-2jon2v &gt;:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-2jon2v &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h1,.css-2jon2v &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h2,.css-2jon2v &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h3,.css-2jon2v &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h4,.css-2jon2v &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h5,.css-2jon2v &gt;:not(style:first-child)+ h6{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-10);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);}.css-2jon2v img.screenshot{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-md);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-2jon2v img.screenshot:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-2jon2v img.screenshot:not([data-theme]),.css-2jon2v img.screenshot[data-theme=dark]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-dark-lg);}.css-2jon2v table td ul ul,.css-2jon2v table td ol ul,.css-2jon2v table td ul ol,.css-2jon2v table td ol ol{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1);}.css-2jon2v table td ul li:not(:first-child),.css-2jon2v table td ol li:not(:first-child){margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1);}.css-2jon2v .field-table tr.required{background:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-50);}.css-2jon2v .field-table td:first-child h5,.css-2jon2v .field-table td:first-child h6{margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);}.css-2jon2v .field-table td:first-child p{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}.css-2jon2v .field-table td:first-child p code{padding:0px;background:none;color:var(--chakra-colors-teal-600);}.css-2jon2v .field-table td:first-child code{font-size:inherit;}.css-2jon2v .field-table td:not(:first-child){line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);}.css-2jon2v .field-table td:not(:first-child) p:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);}.css-2jon2v .sticky-table{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-inner);}.css-2jon2v .sticky-table table td:first-of-type,.css-2jon2v .sticky-table table th:first-of-type{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;left:0px;background:var(--chakra-colors-bg);border-right-width:1px;}.css-2jon2v .sticky-table table tr:last-child td{border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-none);}.css-2jon2v h1,.css-2jon2v h2,.css-2jon2v h3,.css-2jon2v h4,.css-2jon2v h5,.css-2jon2v h6,.css-2jon2v p{scroll-snap-margin-top:101px;scroll-margin-top:101px;}</style><div class="css-2jon2v"><style data-emotion="css 5le3e4">.css-5le3e4{line-height:1.5rem;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">This article </span><style data-emotion="css 154yii">.css-154yii{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1.5px;text-decoration-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);text-underline-offset:0.2em;}.css-154yii:hover,.css-154yii[data-hover]{cursor:help;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-154yii:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-154yii:not([data-theme]),.css-154yii[data-theme=dark]{text-decoration-color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-400);}</style><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">documents</span><span/><span class=""> the </span></span><style data-emotion="css 1lvdtfu">.css-1lvdtfu{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-mono);font-size:calc(1em / 1.125);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-0-5);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-0-5);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);color:var(--chakra-colors-text);background-color:var(--chakra-colors-silver-400);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1lvdtfu:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1lvdtfu:not([data-theme]),.css-1lvdtfu[data-theme=dark]{background-color:var(--chakra-colors-black-200);}</style><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ApolloServer</code><span><span class=""> class from the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">@apollo/server</code><span><span class=""> package. You can use the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ApolloServer</code><span><span class=""> class to create an instance of </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> that you can then pass to a web framework integration function (e.g., </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">startStandaloneServer</code><span><span class=""> or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">expressMiddleware</code><span><span class="">).</span></span></p><style data-emotion="css 11imr2v">.css-11imr2v{padding-left:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);border-left-width:2px;border-color:var(--chakra-colors-primary);}.css-11imr2v &gt;:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);}</style><div class="css-11imr2v"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Check out our </span></span><style data-emotion="css d0tiql">.css-d0tiql{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-tertiary);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);}.css-d0tiql:hover,.css-d0tiql[data-hover]{color:var(--chakra-colors-link);}.css-d0tiql:focus,.css-d0tiql[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-d0tiql code{color:inherit;}</style><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/getting-started">Getting Started</a><span><span class=""> guide for an example of setting up </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class="">!</span></span></p></div><style data-emotion="css 1vu0ieg">.css-1vu0ieg{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vu0ieg{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1vu0ieg" id="constructor"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#constructor"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">constructor</code></a></span></h2><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Returns an initialized </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ApolloServer</code><span><span class=""> instance.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Takes an </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">options</code><span><span class=""> object as a parameter. Supported </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">fields</span><span/><span class=""> of this object are described below.</span></span></p><style data-emotion="css z257o5">.css-z257o5{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-2xl);line-height:1.33;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-z257o5{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.2;}}</style><h3 class="chakra-heading css-z257o5" id="example"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#example">Example</a></span></h3><style data-emotion="css v656ao">.css-v656ao{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-6);}</style><div class="css-v656ao"><style data-emotion="css 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type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><style data-emotion="css 1wh2kri">.css-1wh2kri{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;-ms-grid-row-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 12v12h24V0H0zm19.341-.956c.61.152 1.074.423 1.501.865.221.236.549.666.575.77.008.03-1.036.73-1.668 1.123-.023.015-.115-.084-.217-.236-.31-.45-.633-.644-1.128-.678-.728-.05-1.196.331-1.192.967a.88.88 0 0 0 .102.45c.16.331.458.53 1.39.933 1.719.74 2.454 1.227 2.911 1.92.51.773.625 2.008.278 2.926-.38.998-1.325 1.676-2.655 1.9-.411.073-1.386.062-1.828-.018-.964-.172-1.878-.648-2.442-1.273-.221-.243-.652-.88-.625-.925.011-.016.11-.077.22-.141.108-.061.511-.294.892-.515l.69-.4.145.214c.202.308.643.731.91.872.766.404 1.817.347 2.335-.118a.883.883 0 0 0 .313-.72c0-.278-.035-.4-.18-.61-.186-.266-.567-.49-1.649-.96-1.238-.533-1.771-.864-2.259-1.39a3.165 3.165 0 0 1-.659-1.2c-.091-.339-.114-1.189-.042-1.531.255-1.197 1.158-2.03 2.461-2.278.423-.08 1.406-.05 1.821.053zm-5.634 1.002l.008.983H10.59v8.876H8.38v-8.876H5.258v-.964c0-.534.011-.98.026-.99.012-.016 1.913-.024 4.217-.02l4.195.012z"/></svg></span>TypeScript</button><style data-emotion="css ewqrg1">.css-ewqrg1{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:var(--chakra-sizes-6);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-6);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-2);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-2);background:#F2F4F4;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--chakra-radii-none);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--chakra-radii-none);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}.css-ewqrg1:focus,.css-ewqrg1[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);z-index:1;}.css-ewqrg1[disabled],.css-ewqrg1[aria-disabled=true],.css-ewqrg1[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-ewqrg1:hover,.css-ewqrg1[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}.css-ewqrg1:hover[disabled],.css-ewqrg1[data-hover][disabled],.css-ewqrg1:hover[aria-disabled=true],.css-ewqrg1[data-hover][aria-disabled=true],.css-ewqrg1:hover[data-disabled],.css-ewqrg1[data-hover][data-disabled]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-ewqrg1:active,.css-ewqrg1[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-ewqrg1" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0zm22.034 18.276c-.175-1.095-.888-2.015-3.003-2.873-.736-.345-1.554-.585-1.797-1.14-.091-.33-.105-.51-.046-.705.15-.646.915-.84 1.515-.66.39.12.75.42.976.9 1.034-.676 1.034-.676 1.755-1.125-.27-.42-.404-.601-.586-.78-.63-.705-1.469-1.065-2.834-1.034l-.705.089c-.676.165-1.32.525-1.71 1.005-1.14 1.291-.811 3.541.569 4.471 1.365 1.02 3.361 1.244 3.616 2.205.24 1.17-.87 1.545-1.966 1.41-.811-.18-1.26-.586-1.755-1.336l-1.83 1.051c.21.48.45.689.81 1.109 1.74 1.756 6.09 1.666 6.871-1.004.029-.09.24-.705.074-1.65l.046.067zm-8.983-7.245h-2.248c0 1.938-.009 3.864-.009 5.805 0 1.232.063 2.363-.138 2.711-.33.689-1.18.601-1.566.48-.396-.196-.597-.466-.83-.855-.063-.105-.11-.196-.127-.196l-1.825 1.125c.305.63.75 1.172 1.324 1.517.855.51 2.004.675 3.207.405.783-.226 1.458-.691 1.811-1.411.51-.93.402-2.07.397-3.346.012-2.054 0-4.109 0-6.179l.004-.056z"/></svg></span>JavaScript</button></div></div><style data-emotion="css d0etnw">.css-d0etnw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;right:-1px;top:0px;bottom:0px;z-index:99;width:var(--chakra-sizes-8);background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgb(255, 255, 255) 50%,rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));opacity:0;pointer-events:none;-webkit-transition:all 250ms ease-in-out;transition:all 250ms ease-in-out;cursor:pointer;}</style><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><style data-emotion="css 13o7eu2">.css-13o7eu2{display:block;}</style><div role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" class="css-13o7eu2"><div class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css 10uovtp">.css-10uovtp{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);border-top-left-radius:var(--chakra-radii-none);border-top-right-radius:var(--chakra-radii-none);position:relative;border-width:1px;line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}</style><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><style data-emotion="css 1lxjm3p">.css-1lxjm3p{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-mono);}</style><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><style data-emotion="css 1i3wzr">.css-1i3wzr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;overflow:auto;-webkit-transition:filter 200ms;transition:filter 200ms;}</style><div class="css-1i3wzr"><style data-emotion="css inwjey">.css-inwjey{display:inline-block;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);font-family:inherit;}</style><pre class="prism-code language-ts css-inwjey"><style data-emotion="css j7glh4">.css-j7glh4{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}</style><div class="css-j7glh4"><style data-emotion="css dacbbu">.css-dacbbu{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-align:right;width:1ch;margin-right:var(--chakra-space-4);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> ApolloServer </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'@apollo/server'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> server </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">ApolloServer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> typeDefs</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> resolvers</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1paqdtk">.css-1paqdtk{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;top:var(--chakra-space-2);right:var(--chakra-space-2);-webkit-transition:opacity 200ms linear 200ms;transition:opacity 200ms linear 200ms;}.css-1paqdtk&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;}</style><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><style data-emotion="css 151dby9">.css-151dby9{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:var(--chakra-sizes-6);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-6);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-2);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-2);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-151dby9:focus,.css-151dby9[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);z-index:1;}.css-151dby9[disabled],.css-151dby9[aria-disabled=true],.css-151dby9[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-151dby9:hover,.css-151dby9[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}.css-151dby9:hover[disabled],.css-151dby9[data-hover][disabled],.css-151dby9:hover[aria-disabled=true],.css-151dby9[data-hover][aria-disabled=true],.css-151dby9:hover[data-disabled],.css-151dby9[data-hover][data-disabled]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-151dby9:active,.css-151dby9[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1hyfx7x">.css-1hyfx7x{;}</style><div role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" class="css-1hyfx7x"><div class="css-0"><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><div class="css-1i3wzr"><pre class="prism-code language-js css-inwjey"><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> ApolloServer </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'@apollo/server'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">const</span><span class="token plain"> server </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">ApolloServer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> typeDefs</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> resolvers</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-dacbbu">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div></div></div><h3 class="chakra-heading css-z257o5" id="options"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#options">Options</a></span></h3><style data-emotion="css ddf0z6">.css-ddf0z6{border-radius:4px;border-width:1px;overflow:auto;}.css-ddf0z6 table{border-width:0;}</style><div class="css-ddf0z6"><style data-emotion="css 1oh6xax">.css-1oh6xax{font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;border-collapse:separate;width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);border-spacing:0;border-width:1px;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);}</style><table role="table" class="chakra-table field-table css-1oh6xax"><thead class="css-0"><tr role="row" class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css dcorm2">.css-dcorm2{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-wider);text-align:start;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-3);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-4);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-dcorm2[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><th class="css-dcorm2">Name /<br/>Type</th><th class="css-dcorm2">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-0"><tr role="row" class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css hiju5f">.css-hiju5f{text-align:start;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-5);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);}.css-hiju5f[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><td role="gridcell" colspan="2" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><strong>Specifying a schema</strong></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="required css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><style data-emotion="css 1pm5o6a">.css-1pm5o6a{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);line-height:1.2;}</style><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="typedefs"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#typedefs"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">typeDefs</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">string</code><span><span class="">, </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">DocumentNode</code><span><span class="">, or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Array&lt;DocumentNode&gt;</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">A valid </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/schema/schema/#the-schema-definition-language">Schema Definition Language</a><span><span class=""> (</span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">SDL</span><span/><span class="">) string, </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">document</span><span/><span class="">, or documents that represent your server's </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">GraphQL schema</span><span/><span class="">. To generate documents, you can apply the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">gql</code><span><span class=""> tag (from </span></span><style data-emotion="css yczznh">.css-yczznh{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:baseline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-normal);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:inherit;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-tertiary);margin-right:5px;}.css-yczznh:focus,.css-yczznh[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-yczznh[disabled],.css-yczznh[aria-disabled=true],.css-yczznh[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-yczznh:hover,.css-yczznh[data-hover]{color:var(--chakra-colors-link);}.css-yczznh:active,.css-yczznh[data-active]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}.css-yczznh code{color:inherit;}</style><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/graphql-tag" target="_blank"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">graphql-tag</code><style data-emotion="css 1d409bm">.css-1d409bm{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;-ms-grid-row-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-margin-start:5px;margin-inline-start:5px;}</style><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><style data-emotion="css 1v7h6gm">.css-1v7h6gm{width:0.75em;height:0.75em;fill:none;}</style><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">) to valid </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">SDL</span><span/><span class=""> strings.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><strong>Required</strong><span><span class=""> unless you provide a </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#schema"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">schema</code></a><span><span class=""> or a </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#gateway"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">gateway</code></a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">For an example, see </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/getting-started/#step-3-define-your-graphql-schema">Define your GraphQL schema</a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="required css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="resolvers"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#resolvers"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">resolvers</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Object</code><span><span class=""> or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Array</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">A map of functions that populate data for individual schema </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">fields</span><span/><span class="">. Can also be an array of multiple maps that are merged.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">While technically optional, if you are providing </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">typeDefs</code><span><span class="">, it is strongly recommended that you provide </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">resolvers</code><span><span class=""> as well.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">For details, see </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/resolvers">Resolvers</a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="schema"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#schema"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">schema</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Object</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">An executable </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">GraphQL schema</span><span/><span class="">. Under the hood, </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> automatically generates this </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">field</span><span/><span class=""> from </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#typedefs"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">typeDefs</code></a><span><span class=""> and </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#resolvers"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">resolvers</code></a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">This </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">field</span><span/><span class=""> is helpful if:</span></span></p><style data-emotion="css 1d1yeyq">.css-1d1yeyq{list-style-type:initial;-webkit-margin-start:1em;margin-inline-start:1em;}.css-1d1yeyq&gt;*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:var(--chakra-space-4);}.css-1d1yeyq ul,.css-1d1yeyq ol{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);}.css-1d1yeyq ul{list-style-type:circle;}</style><ul role="list" class="css-1d1yeyq"><li class="css-0"><span><span class="">You are </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/using-federation/apollo-subgraph-setup">building a subgraph for Apollo Federation</a><span><span class="">, which uses the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">buildSubgraphSchema</code><span><span class=""> function to generate its schema</span></span></li><li class="css-0"><span><span class="">You are using a function like </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">makeExecutableSchema</code><span><span class=""> from </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.graphql-tools.com/docs/generate-schema" target="_blank"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">graphql-tools</code><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> to create your schema</span></span></li><li class="css-0"><span><span class="">You are using a library that takes a code-first approach (i.e., instead of a schema-first approach) to generate a schema</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="gateway"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#gateway"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">gateway</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Object</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">You can use this </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">field</span><span/><span class=""> to integrate your server with </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/using-federation/api/apollo-gateway">Apollo Gateway</a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" colspan="2" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><strong>Schema options</strong></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="introspection"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#introspection"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">introspection</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">boolean</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">If </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">true</code><span><span class="">, enables </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://graphql.org/learn/introspection/" target="_blank">schema introspection<span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> by clients. This is required to use tools that figure out your server's schema from talking to it directly, like </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Sandbox</span><span/><span class=""> and </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">GraphQL</span><span/><span class=""> Playground. (It's not needed for the non-Sandbox version of Apollo Studio Explorer, which uses the schema published in the Studio schema registry instead.)</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">The default value is </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">true</code><span><span class="">, </span></span><strong>unless</strong><span><span class=""> the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">NODE_ENV</code><span><span class=""> environment variable is set to </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">production</code><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="fieldresolver"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#fieldresolver"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">fieldResolver</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">GraphQLFieldResolver</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">A custom </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">resolver</span><span/><span class=""> that will replace </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class="">'s </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/resolvers/#default-resolvers">default field resolvers</a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="rootvalue"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#rootvalue"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">rootValue</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Any</code><span><span class=""> or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Function</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">A value or function called with the parsed </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Document</code><span><span class="">, creating the root value passed to the </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">GraphQL</span><span/><span class=""> executor.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Providing a function is useful if you want to use a different root value depending on the </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operation</span><span/><span class="">'s details, such as whether it's a </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">query</span><span/><span class=""> or </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">mutation</span><span/><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="validationrules"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#validationrules"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">validationRules</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Array&lt;Function&gt;</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">An array containing custom functions to use as additional </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/tree/master/src/validation/rules" target="_blank">validation rules<span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> when validating </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operations</span><span/><span class=""> against the schema. Note that these rules should depend only on the operation and the schema, not on anything else specific to an individual request, as the result of successful validation is cached across requests.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="documentstore"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#documentstore"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">documentStore</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">KeyValueCache&lt;DocumentNode&gt;</code><span><span class=""> or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">null</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">A key-value cache that </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> uses to store previously encountered </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">GraphQL</span><span/><span class=""> </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operations</span><span/><span class=""> (as </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">DocumentNode</code><span><span class="">s). It does </span></span><em>not</em><span><span class=""> store </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">query</span><span/><span class=""> </span></span><em>results</em><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Whenever </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> receives an incoming </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operation</span><span/><span class="">, it checks whether that exact operation is present in its </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">documentStore</code><span><span class="">. If it's present, </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> can safely skip parsing and validating the </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operation</span><span/><span class="">, thereby improving performance.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">The default </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">documentStore</code><span><span class=""> is an </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-utils/blob/main/packages/keyValueCache/src/InMemoryLRUCache.ts" target="_blank"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">InMemoryLRUCache</code><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> with an approximate size of 30MiB. This is usually sufficient unless the server processes a large number of unique </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operations</span><span/><span class="">. Provide this option if you want to change the cache size or store the cache information in an alternate location.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">To use </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">InMemoryLRUCache</code><span><span class=""> but change its size to an amount </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">approximateDocumentStoreMiB</code><span><span class="">:</span></span></p><div style="max-width:400px"><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1ni5vfl"><div class="css-wgjz4w"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.354 1.646a.5.5 0 010 .708L5.707 8l5.647 5.646a.5.5 0 01-.708.708l-6-6a.5.5 0 010-.708l6-6a.5.5 0 01.708 0z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div><div class="css-6wb6l1"><div role="tablist" class="chakra-button__group css-9ahm8"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-18pfcca" role="tab" aria-selected="true"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M0 12v12h24V0H0zm19.341-.956c.61.152 1.074.423 1.501.865.221.236.549.666.575.77.008.03-1.036.73-1.668 1.123-.023.015-.115-.084-.217-.236-.31-.45-.633-.644-1.128-.678-.728-.05-1.196.331-1.192.967a.88.88 0 0 0 .102.45c.16.331.458.53 1.39.933 1.719.74 2.454 1.227 2.911 1.92.51.773.625 2.008.278 2.926-.38.998-1.325 1.676-2.655 1.9-.411.073-1.386.062-1.828-.018-.964-.172-1.878-.648-2.442-1.273-.221-.243-.652-.88-.625-.925.011-.016.11-.077.22-.141.108-.061.511-.294.892-.515l.69-.4.145.214c.202.308.643.731.91.872.766.404 1.817.347 2.335-.118a.883.883 0 0 0 .313-.72c0-.278-.035-.4-.18-.61-.186-.266-.567-.49-1.649-.96-1.238-.533-1.771-.864-2.259-1.39a3.165 3.165 0 0 1-.659-1.2c-.091-.339-.114-1.189-.042-1.531.255-1.197 1.158-2.03 2.461-2.278.423-.08 1.406-.05 1.821.053zm-5.634 1.002l.008.983H10.59v8.876H8.38v-8.876H5.258v-.964c0-.534.011-.98.026-.99.012-.016 1.913-.024 4.217-.02l4.195.012z"/></svg></span>TypeScript</button></div></div><div class="css-d0etnw"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewbox="0 0 16 16" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 01.708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 010 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 01-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 010-.708z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div></div><div style="color:currentColor;background-color:#F2F4F4" class="css-10uovtp"><div class="css-1lxjm3p"><div class="css-1i3wzr"><pre class="prism-code language-typescript css-inwjey"><div class="css-j7glh4"><style data-emotion="css 1meauqw">.css-1meauqw{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-align:right;width:2ch;margin-right:var(--chakra-space-4);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">1</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> InMemoryLRUCache </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'@apollo/utils.keyvaluecache'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">2</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">type</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"> DocumentNode </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#B03900">'graphql'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">3</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"> </span></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">4</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">ApolloServer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">5</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> documentStore</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#005AAF;background:transparent">new</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">InMemoryLRUCache</span><span class="token class-name operator" style="color:#546461">&lt;</span><span class="token class-name" style="color:#546461">DocumentNode</span><span class="token class-name operator" style="color:#546461">&gt;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">{</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">6</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> maxSize</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> Math</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#22543D">pow</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:#7B00C7">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#7B00C7">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token plain"> approximateDocumentStoreMiB</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">7</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> sizeCalculation</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token plain"> InMemoryLRUCache</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">.</span><span class="token plain">sizeCalculation</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">8</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">,</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">9</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#365E72;font-weight:bold">// ...</span><span class="token plain"/></div></div></div><div class="css-j7glh4"><div aria-hidden="true" class="css-1meauqw">10</div><div class="token-line css-0" style="color:currentColor"><div class="css-0"><span class="token plain"/><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#546461">;</span></div></div></div></pre></div></div><div role="group" class="chakra-button__group css-1paqdtk"><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-151dby9"><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1wh2kri"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewbox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2"/><rect x="8" y="2" width="8" height="4" rx="1" ry="1"/></svg></span>Copy</button></div></div></div></div><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Pass </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">null</code><span><span class=""> to disable this cache entirely.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" colspan="2" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><strong>Protocol options</strong></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="persistedqueries"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#persistedqueries"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">persistedQueries</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Object</code><span><span class=""> or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">false</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">If you're using </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/performance/apq">automated persisted queries (APQ)</a><span><span class="">, you can provide an object with </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">cache</code><span><span class=""> and/or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ttl</code><span><span class=""> </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">fields</span><span/><span class=""> to customize how </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> stores the mapping between </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operation</span><span/><span class=""> hashes and </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">query</span><span/><span class=""> strings, or provide </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">false</code><span><span class=""> to disable </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">APQ</span><span/><span class=""> entirely.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="csrfprevention"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#csrfprevention"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">csrfPrevention</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">boolean</code><span><span class=""> or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Object</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">By default, the </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/security/cors#preventing-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf">CSRF prevention</a><span><span class=""> feature is enabled to protect </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> from CSRF and XS-Search attacks.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">This feature can prevent certain </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">GET</code><span><span class=""> requests from executing </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">GraphQL</span><span/><span class=""> </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operations</span><span/><span class=""> if those requests don't specify </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/security/cors/#why-use-cors">certain headers</a><span><span class="">. You can configure the headers that allow </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operation</span><span/><span class=""> execution by passing a configuration object to this option (e.g., </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">csrfPrevention: { requestHeaders: ['special-header'] }</code><span><span class="">).</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">If your server has clients that send </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">GET</code><span><span class=""> requests and those clients </span></span><strong>aren't</strong><span><span class=""> one of Apollo's client libraries (Web, iOS, Kotlin), you might need to modify the configuration of those clients to use this feature. For more details, see </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/security/cors#preventing-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf">the CSRF prevention documentation</a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">You can disable this recommended security feature by passing </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">false</code><span><span class=""> to </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">csrfPrevention</code><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="formaterror"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#formaterror"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">formatError</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Function</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Provide this function to transform the structure of error objects before they're sent to a client.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">The </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">formatError</code><span><span class=""> hook receives two </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">arguments</span><span/><span class="">: the first is a </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/29bf39faa670effd3c1561a1512ec7767658a63b/src/error/GraphQLError.ts#L215" target="_blank"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">GraphQLFormattedError</code><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> (to be sent with the response), and the second is the original error </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/data/errors/#for-client-responses">(wrapped in GraphQLError if thrown by a resolver)</a><span><span class="">. This function should return a </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/29bf39faa670effd3c1561a1512ec7767658a63b/src/error/GraphQLError.ts#L215" target="_blank"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">GraphQLFormattedError</code><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> object.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="apollo"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#apollo"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">apollo</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Object</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">An object containing configuration options for connecting </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> to </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.apollographql.com/docs/studio/" target="_blank">Apollo Studio<span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">. Each </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">field</span><span/><span class=""> of this object can also be set with an environment variable, which is the recommended method of setting these parameters. All fields are optional. The fields are:</span></span></p><ul role="list" class="css-1d1yeyq"><li class="css-0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">key</code><span><span class="">: The </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.apollographql.com/docs/studio/api-keys/#graph-api-keys" target="_blank">graph API key<span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> that </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> should use to authenticate with Apollo Studio. You can set this with the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">APOLLO_KEY</code><span><span class=""> environment variable.</span></span></li><li class="css-0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">graphRef</code><span><span class="">: A reference of your </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">graph</span><span/><span class=""> in Apollo's registry, such as </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">graph-id@my-variant</code><span><span class=""> or just </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">graph-id</code><span><span class="">. You can set this with the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">APOLLO_GRAPH_REF</code><span><span class=""> environment variable.</span></span></li><li class="css-0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">graphId</code><span><span class="">: The ID of your </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">graph</span><span/><span class=""> in Apollo's registry. You can set this with the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">APOLLO_GRAPH_ID</code><span><span class=""> environment variable. You may not specify this if you specify the </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">graph ref</span><span/><span class="">.</span></span></li><li class="css-0"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">graphVariant</code><span><span class="">: The </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.apollographql.com/docs/studio/schema/registry/#managing-environments-with-variants" target="_blank">variant<span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> of your </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">graph</span><span/><span class=""> to associate this server's schema and metrics with. You can set this with the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">APOLLO_GRAPH_VARIANT</code><span><span class=""> environment variable. The default value is </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">current</code><span><span class="">. You may not specify this if you specify the </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">graph ref</span><span/><span class="">.</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="allowbatchedhttprequests"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#allowbatchedhttprequests"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">allowBatchedHttpRequests</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">boolean</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Controls whether to allow </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/workflow/requests/#batching">Batching Queries</a><span><span class=""> in a single HTTP Request. Defaults to </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">false</code><span><span class="">. If a request comes in formatted as an array rather than as a single request object, an error will be thrown ( i.e., </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Operation batching disabled</code><span><span class="">) </span></span><em>unless</em><span><span class=""> batching is enabled.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" colspan="2" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><strong>Lifecycle options</strong></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="cache"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#cache"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">cache</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">KeyValueCache</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">A </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@apollo/utils.keyvaluecache" target="_blank"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">KeyValueCache</code><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> which </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> uses for several features, including </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">APQs</span><span/><span class=""> and full response caching. This cache is also available to Apollo Server's plugins.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">The default cache is an </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@apollo/utils.keyvaluecache" target="_blank"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">InMemoryLRUCache</code><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class=""> with a default size of roughly 30MiB. (For backwards-compatibility with </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> 3, specifying </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">cache: 'bounded'</code><span><span class=""> also selects this default bounded cache.)</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">To learn more about configuring </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class="">'s cache, see </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/performance/cache-backends">Configuring cache backends</a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="plugins"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#plugins"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">plugins</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Array</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">An array of </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/integrations/plugins">plugins</a><span><span class=""> to install in your server instance.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">You can </span></span><em>also</em><span><span class=""> add plugins to your server before you start it using the </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#addplugin"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">addPlugin</code></a><span><span class=""> method. This might be useful in the event that your plugin needs to access the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ApolloServer</code><span><span class=""> instance.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> comes with several plugins that it installs automatically in their default configuration if certain conditions are met. For example, the usage reporting plugin is installed if you provide a </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">graph</span><span/><span class=""> API key and a </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">graph ref</span><span/><span class="">. Apollo Server skips this automatic installation if you manually provide the plugin (in the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">plugins</code><span><span class=""> array or with the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">addPlugin</code><span><span class=""> method), or if you provide the plugin's corresponding "disabled" plugin (such as </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ApolloServerPluginUsageReportingDisabled()</code><span><span class=""> for </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting</code><span><span class="">). For details, see the API references for these plugins: </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/usage-reporting">usage reporting</a><span><span class="">, </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/schema-reporting">schema reporting</a><span><span class="">, </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/landing-pages">landing page</a><span><span class="">, </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/cache-control">cache control</a><span><span class="">, and </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/api/plugin/inline-trace">inline trace</a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="stoponterminationsignals"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#stoponterminationsignals"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">stopOnTerminationSignals</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">boolean</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">By default, whenever </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> receives a </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">SIGINT</code><span><span class=""> or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">SIGTERM</code><span><span class=""> signal, it calls </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">await this.stop()</code><span><span class=""> on itself. It then sends that same signal to itself to continue process shutdown. Subsequent </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">SIGINT</code><span><span class=""> and </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">SIGTERM</code><span><span class=""> signals are ignored while </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> awaits </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">this.stop()</code><span><span class="">. Note that this does </span></span><em>not</em><span><span class=""> happen when </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">NODE_ENV</code><span><span class=""> equals </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">test</code><span><span class=""> or when </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> is running in </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">serverless</span><span/><span class=""> mode.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Set this option to </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">false</code><span><span class=""> to disable this default behavior, or to </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">true</code><span><span class=""> to enable the behavior even when </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">NODE_ENV</code><span><span class=""> </span></span><em>does</em><span><span class=""> equal </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">test</code><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">The signal handler is installed after </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#start"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">start()</code></a><span><span class=""> returns successfully.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">You can also manually call </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">stop()</code><span><span class=""> in other contexts. Note that </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">stop()</code><span><span class=""> is asynchronous, so it isn't useful in a </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">process.on('exit')</code><span><span class=""> handler.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" colspan="2" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><strong>Debugging options</strong></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" style="max-width:200px" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="includestacktraceinerrorresponses"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#includestacktraceinerrorresponses"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">includeStacktraceInErrorResponses</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">boolean</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">If </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">true</code><span><span class="">, stack traces are included in </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">GraphQL</span><span/><span class=""> responses when errors occur.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">Defaults to </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">true</code><span><span class=""> unless the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">NODE_ENV</code><span><span class=""> environment variable is </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">production</code><span><span class=""> or </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">test</code><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="logger"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#logger"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">logger</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@apollo/utils.logger" target="_blank"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Logger</code><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">An object to use for logging in place of </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">console</code><span><span class="">. If provided, this object must implement all methods of </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@apollo/utils.logger" target="_blank">the <code class="css-1lvdtfu">Logger</code> interface<span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">If you provide this value, </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> automatically logs all messages of </span></span><em>all</em><span><span class=""> severity levels (</span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">debug</code><span><span class=""> through </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">error</code><span><span class="">). It is the responsibility of the logger to determine how to handle logged messages of each level.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">This logger is automatically added to the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">GraphQLRequestContext</code><span><span class=""> object that's passed to all </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/integrations/plugins">plugin functions</a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="parseoptions"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#parseoptions"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">parseOptions</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Object</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">An object that specifies how your server parses </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">GraphQL</span><span/><span class=""> </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operations</span><span/><span class="">. </span></span><a class="chakra-button css-yczznh" href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/9df90799299f40b596938aba15e88c4cd4f2d376/src/language/parser.ts#L77" target="_blank">See <code class="css-1lvdtfu">graphql-js</code> for the available configuration options<span class="chakra-button__icon css-1d409bm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 12 12" class="css-1v7h6gm"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M4.71 7.183L11.274.727m0 0v3.69m0-3.69h-3.75M6.06 3.07H1.137a.41.41 0 00-.41.41v7.383a.41.41 0 00.41.41H8.52a.41.41 0 00.41-.41V5.941"/></svg></span></a><span><span class="">.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="nodeenv"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#nodeenv"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">nodeEnv</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">string</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">If this is set to any string value, use that value instead of the environment variable </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">NODE_ENV</code><span><span class=""> for the features whose defaults depend on </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">NODE_ENV</code><span><span class=""> (such as </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#introspection"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">introspection</code></a><span><span class="">). Note that passing the empty string here is equivalent to running with the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">NODE_ENV</code><span><span class=""> environment variable unset. This is primarily meant for testing the effects of the </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">NODE_ENV</code><span><span class=""> environment variable.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><h6 class="chakra-heading css-1pm5o6a" id="status400forvariablecoercionerrors"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#status400forvariablecoercionerrors"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">status400ForVariableCoercionErrors</code></a></span></h6><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">boolean</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><strong>Set this option to <code class="css-1lvdtfu">true</code>.</strong><span><span class=""> It mitigates a regression introduced in </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> v4 where the server returns a 200 status code (instead of 400) when a client </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">query</span><span/><span class=""> provides invalid </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">variables</span><span/><span class="">. </span></span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="/docs/apollo-server/migration/#known-regressions">Learn more.</a></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">Apollo Server</span><span/><span class=""> v5 will </span></span><em>always</em><span><span class=""> behave as if this option is </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">true</code><span><span class=""> (and will ignore any provided value).</span></span></p></td></tr><tr role="row" class="css-0"><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f"><style data-emotion="css 1mvj8kx">.css-1mvj8kx{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);line-height:1.2;}</style><h5 class="chakra-heading css-1mvj8kx" id="dangerouslydisablevalidation"><span><a class="chakra-link css-d0tiql" href="#dangerouslydisablevalidation"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">dangerouslyDisableValidation</code></a></span></h5><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><code class="css-1lvdtfu">Boolean</code></p></td><td role="gridcell" class="css-hiju5f">⚠️ Caution: this option can lead to security vulnerabilities and unexpected behavior. Use of this option in production is not supported by Apollo.<p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">When set to </span></span><code class="css-1lvdtfu">true</code><span><span class="">, disable validation of </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">graphql</span><span/><span class=""> </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operations</span><span/><span class=""> entirely.</span></span></p><p class="chakra-text css-5le3e4"><span><span class="">You might find this option interesting for performance reasons if you handle </span><span id="popover-trigger-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="popover-content-1" class="css-154yii">operation</span><span/><span class=""> validation at build time and enforce that only known, validated