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咏春拳源流

叶问宗师撰写的古文书
《咏春拳源流》是叶问宗师撰写的,叙述咏春拳的起源问题。咏春拳原属少林佛门内家学术,注重于个人的品德修养,仿效一些飞禽走兽的灵活动作,再经心的研究和思考所创出。这套拳法的开山鼻祖,是少林门下培育一位武术界泰山北斗,女弟子五枚师太。他创出拳的根基,主要是除了保持佛门的品德修养外,还可以灵活的动作,耍弄整套拳法来锻练身体,不但可因此练成一个强壮的体魄外,尚可减少疾病和防范猛兽的侵犯。 [ 1 ]
基本信息
作者
作品体裁
古文
外文名
The origin of yong chun quan
作品出处
《咏春白鹤拳谱》
创作年代
清朝
目录
点击这里调整字体大小
关键信息
作品内容
创作背景
作品影响
宗谱
参考资料

作品内容

《咏春拳源流》是 叶问宗师 撰写的。据《咏春白鹤拳谱》记载,白鹤拳是 清朝 顺治 年间 (1644~1662年)由福建 福宁州 (现 霞浦县 )北门外少林举师方钟的独生女方七娘所创。
方七娘 —日在白练(莲)寺内织布时,见一只白鹤飞落在梁间,昂首振翅,舞足弄翼,引喙衔毛,做伸颈觅食之状,后又缠膀歇息,姿态奇妙。方七娘感到非常有趣,即以手中梭盒投之,被 白鹤 闪跳避过;又以纬尺击之,复被白鹤展翼弹出。俄而白鹤展翅凌空,冲人霄汉。于是七娘感悟之余,精研不辍,乃揉合白鹤种种舞姿于少林拳法中,经数年揣摩衍化,创出别具一格的拳法。
永春 等地学习白鹤拳的人数最多,范闹最广,影响最大,使白鹤拳在理论和练功方法上形成了具有永春人文地理特点的技术体系,因为这些人的籍贯都在永春,故将此拳称为“永春白鹤拳”。
咏春拳宗于白鹤拳,而 方七娘 的白鹤拳经过三代人才传到五枚师太,故 严咏春 没理由生活在1644至1662年间,也与古劳咏春派流传的说法不一致。
叶问宗师 撰写的《咏春拳源流》所述, 五枚师太 福建 少林白鹤拳高手。自从 火烧少林寺 后,南少林派五老亦各奔东西。 至善 禅帅逃到 广州 ,遁迹于红船内为“煲头”,遂引出一段“以拳换棍”的故事。

创作背景

咏春拳为南派之有名拳术,据说咏春拳起源于严咏春。咏春为福建南田县人,自幼丧母,与父相依为命。其父为少林俗家弟子,咏春自小随父学艺。一日,咏春练技不久,忽闻林中有鹤呜,起落扑翅,大奇。于是暗处观看,见一朱顶白鹤正与一毒蛇相斗。 白鹤 以双翅及嘴灵活扑击毒蛇,毒蛇亦摆好阵势迎战。咏春细看良久,深觉合乎拳理,大悟。
广西 人氏 梁博俦 生平性好武术,某日与好友共醉于酒。散席后回家途中,见一 豆腐 店内有灯光射出,且传出练武之声。梁驻足门隙窥看,见一妙龄女子正开拳练武,双脚微屈、脚尖向内,其椿步甚窄,然拳出有力,拳法紧密,为生平所未见也,大奇。梁翌日询问友好,方知为少林严四女儿 严咏春 ,武艺精湛,待字闺中。粱有意结识,与其交手切磋不敌,仰慕咏春武艺造诣,遂向严四提亲,严四因无子嗣,因而要梁博俦入赘严家。后咏春授其本门拳术, 梁博俦 武艺得以大进,始承咏 [chōng] 之衣钵。
嘉庆 年间,有 广西钦州 人氏罗晚恭者,与严咏春之父本为世交,对咏春之拳技甚为仰慕。因此,咏春与 梁博俦 成亲后,两夫妇始授技于罗晚恭。罗得师傅精心培育,勤学苦练,技艺精湛,至炉火纯青之境,罗精于拳法,有神拳罗晚恭之美誉。及后罗晚恭授技于 钦州 下四府人氏郝宝全,郭平生酷爱武术,师事罗晚恭习技多年,勤奋好学,尽得其技。郝宝全技成后,于钦州授徒极众,名满下四府一带,成名拳师也,因其擅用双刀,有双刀郝宝全之称。
嘉庆末年,佛山琼花会馆武生 黄华宝 、二花面粱二娣随红船各地演出(红船即戏班也),继而相逢粱博俦,得知其精于咏春拳技( 严咏春 创此拳时未有名称,后以自己名字为拳名),便恳为传授,梁亦欣然答允,收其为徒,始承梁之衣钵也。后再有男旦易金,大花面陆锦等人同习比拳。
不觉数年, 佛山镇 有名梁赞者,为 鹤山县 古劳乡人氏。梁父本为药店东主,于 佛山 开设生草药店,以经营药材糊口。 梁赞 自小好习医术,随父在生草药店工作,积极研医,特别对跌打骨折一科,更有心得精研,乃有所成就。其父去世后, 梁赞 广寻师友,及后与琼花会馆 黄华宝 邂逅相逢成为初交朋友。
黄华宝乃红船中人,扮演武生角色早已驰名 广东 一带,且黄华宝当时居于筷子路青云街,与梁赞药店仅距百步,故黄常到粱处闲坐,后渐成密友。梁赞始悉黄华宝乃精于咏春拳技主人,遂拜黄华宝为师,始习本门拳术。数年后,黄华宝随 红船 演出而去。黄临别之时,乃逢师弟 梁二娣 ,黄华宝与梁二娣甚为亲切,如亲手足一样,故而托二娣精心培育 梁赞 ,以继承黄、梁之衣钵。梁二娣不但精于拳术,医术亦甚为精湛,在其悉心教授之下,粱赞天聪敏捷,技医双获,大成。及后行医济世,开设“杏济堂”药店,兼医跌打刀伤。其为人乐善好施,广结江湖豪杰,有“ 佛山 赞先生”之称,乃名誉佛山一带。但至粱之授徒习武者,实不多人,因梁本是文质彬彬,如书生者,实不欲授武于人,恐后辈动辄动武。故只授儿子梁春、 梁壁 陈华顺 (即找 钱华 )与猪肉店主卢贵、大山树者也。及至 梁赞 晚年,回故乡鹤山古劳,再传王华三等人,又创出古劳偏身咏春拳术来。
佛山所传有:小念头、寻桥、标指三套拳,易金传于 广州 鸦湖却只一套拳,而鹤山古劳的偏身咏春另有所长,顺德杏坛称为永春拳,此乃流传过程中,各有因果,自不在此絮言。
历史源流
咏春拳一代宗师叶问撰有《咏春拳源流》,简略地叙述了咏春拳的历史:
咏春拳源流:先祖 严咏春 氏,原籍为 广东 ,少而聪颖,行动矫捷,磊落有丈夫气,许字 福建 盐商 梁博俦 。未几母殁。父严二事被诬,几陷于狱,因是远徒川滇边区,居于 大凉山 下,以卖豆腐为活,此 清代 康熙 年间 事也。其时 河南省 嵩山少林派,武风甚盛,招清廷忌,派兵围捕,攻而不下。适有新科状元陈文维者,邀宠献议,设法勾通寺僧 马宁儿 等,四处 纵火 ,里应外合, 少林寺 被毁,僧徒四散。由是五枚法师与 至善禅师 、白眉禅师、 冯道德 、苗显等五人亦分途出走。而五枚止于大凉山(又名 栖霞山 )白鹤观。每日下如市,因与严二父女贸易,渐且作 [rěn] 熟。
时先师年已及 [jī] 。有当地土霸涎其姿色,恃势逼婚。父女二人日有忧色。为五枚法师洞悉其由。因怜其遇,许以传技保身,使该土霸俟能除, 梁氏 婚约后始赋于归。由是即随五枚返山日悉勤修苦练。技成,乃约土霸比武,卒将土霸击倒。自此五枚云游四方,频行殷殷诫以严守宗风,等婚后发扬武术,同佐 反清复明 大业。综合过去事迹,知咏春派拳术,实宗于五枚法师也。
先祖师既婚,首传技于夫婿 梁博俦 ,其后梁博俦传 梁兰桂 ,梁兰桂传 黄华宝 。黄华宝为 红船 中人,与 梁二娣 为伍。恰 至善禅师 混迹红船中为“煲头”,将绝技六点半棍传与梁二娣。而华宝与二娣以共事红船之故,因得日夕观摩,互相传习,补短截长,混成一体。从而咏春拳之有六点半棍者,盖有由也。遂至梁二娣传技于 佛山 名医 梁赞 先生,梁赞深得其奥,达于化境。远近武士慕名来请与较者辄为败,由是声名鹊起。后来梁赞传于 陈华顺 。而问与师兄 吴小鲁 、吴促素、 陈汝棉 、雷汝济等师事陈华顺迄今已数十年。是则吾 [chái] 之于咏春派拳术一脉相承。其来有自数典不忘乃祖,饮水应念其源,自宜有以纪念先祖孕育之恩。抑亦所以维系我同门侪辈也,缓拟发起组织咏春堂联谊会焉。嘤其鸣矣,求其友声,想同门师友定有同情也。我武唯扬,胥焉有赖此耶。

作品影响

中国武术界有句古话叫"天下功夫出少林",也就是说很多武术流派都原出于 少林寺 或手少林武术的影响而发展起来的,而咏春拳也 [hú] 脱离不了这样的关系.根据 叶问 老宗师的手迹得知,是当年少林寺的一场大火才最终造就了咏春拳的创立,在这场大火中,有五为"长老"(拳术顶尖高手)杀出了重围.他们就是五枚, 至善 白眉 冯道 ,苗显,这就是后来历史上有名的少林五老,而 清朝 之所以要围剿 少林寺 ,是因为清朝信封佛教,所以对和尚管的较松,慢慢的少林寺成为中国最大的 反清复明 的基地,当然也好似由于叛徒告密引来了这场浩劫.
少林五老全因为功夫高超才得以在数千的清兵的层层围攻下杀出了一条血路逃了出来,逃出来后诶了躲避清兵的追杀,只好躲避隐居生活.据说至善由 福建 躲避在 广东 红船当了一名伙夫,苗显躲到苗寨(进 云南 ),至于五枚则来到遥远的川滇边境(即四川与云南接壤处)之 大凉山 .其中五枚虽然是女性,却一样精通各门少林武艺,尤其精通福建白鹤拳,虽然追杀但五枚仍然没有放弃拳法的修炼,但因为年纪大了,不能再用过去的硬朗的格斗技术去与敌人搏斗了,所以边下决心对现有拳法进行改革,因为是女性的原因,所以必须用技巧取胜.一次,她偶然看到了一场特殊的打斗:一只鹤与一条 大蛇 杂相斗,当时他掺悟到了鹤的啄击之中线进攻与蛇的刁钻,灵动,当然在她所创立的新武术体系中并没有采用蛇或者鹤的象形技巧,却利用了它们的格斗原理与灵性.
有人说五枚创立这样的拳法实际仍然是南派少林拳,但事实上,她的新武术体系已与 南少林 拳风格有所不同.例如原来南派少林拳大多采用长桥大马之势,招式沉雄刚劲.而她的新武术体系则采用的是短桥窄马,注重以巧力取胜强敌,因为作为女性的五枚不可能拉开大马步与敌人去搏斗.
话说但是 清朝 火烧少林寺 后,并没有停止对那些逃生者的追杀及对一些俗家弟子的清剿,其中有一个叫严二的俗家弟子同样为了躲避追杀也来到了 大凉山 脚下,由于他能做一手好 豆腐 ,因此边与女儿 严咏春 开了一家豆腐档维持生计.五枚经常下山买他们的豆腐,因此慢慢的熟悉了起来,但这时五枚还没有教严咏春误武功的念头.知道有一天,当地一为年过半百的土豪看中了漂亮的严咏春就想强纳她做小妾时,五枚才偷偷的把咏春带走了.因为早些时候她们通过交谈,五枚已得知咏春自幼由父母做主以许给了一个闽籍商人 梁博俦 ,但这时五枚为了避免暴露身份又不敢公然出手相助,只好把自己的武艺传给了 严咏春 ,因为她知道送人一鱼不如授人捕鱼之技,而切直达五枚认为咏春完全能够打败哪个土豪的时候,才让她下山回家. 严咏春 的再次出现又乐坏了那个土豪,但咏春却提出了一个好象正中他下怀的条件:除非能将她打败,否则什么也别想.由于这个土豪自幼时家里就给他请了护院武师,所以几十年下来倒也练了一身好拳脚功夫,因此便爽快的答应了咏春的条件,在他看来几个壮汉一起上都不是自己的对手,击败一个弱小女子又有何难?对此为了防止咏春反悔还决定进行公开比武.但令这个土豪做梦也没有想到的是,比武时 严咏春 只一个摊手冲拳便将自己打得满面血花,接下来再攻又被咏春连续击倒在地数次,不得以,只好俯手称臣.这个土豪说话还是算数的,从此以后再也没有来骚扰过咏春,后来咏春也曾再次到五枚那里去深造这门可以弱胜强,以柔克刚,以小制大的精妙武技却并没有告诉她这门斗艺叫什么拳法,只是告诉她勿轻易将秘技外传.
后来严氏一家等风声过后又回到了故里,而 严咏春 亦顺理成章的嫁给了同样是武术高手的 梁博俦 ,不过据说这位 梁氏 高手也并非娇妻的对手,所以咏春便又将这套秘拳教给了自己的丈夫.由于现在梁博俦二艺合一而拳法高超,无人能敌,人们便问他练的是什么名拳,梁博俦也不知道叫什么拳,便随口答曰咏春拳当然人们也并不一定知道他妻子叫 严咏春 ).为了不使这套极为厉害的拳法失传,梁博俦便将这套咏春拳教给了一位族亲 梁兰桂 ,这是一位以医治跌打为生的武林高手,由于他也是带艺投师,所以进步极快,很快亦成为当地一代名师.咏春拳同中国其它传统武术门派一样强调传内不传外,由于梁兰桂无子,因此他便将这套绝艺传给了一位近亲黄宝华,这个黄宝华后来成为戏班中的出色武生,他则将咏春拳传给了戏班中的另一位武术好手 梁二娣 ,至此咏春拳总算没有出 梁氏 门第.这位梁二娣可不简单,他不但继承了梁兰桂的衣钵,而且同时又是少林五老中 至善禅师 的入室帝子,由于至善禅师从少林打劫逃出后化装从事的工作注定了他不能经常上岸去活动,所以已无人能认出他.因此闲来无事便舞棍自娱.他原在 少林寺 之时便以棍术最为拿手,加上这些年的潜修苦练,因此棍法已经达化境.当然那梁二娣也是识物之人,一看就知道遇到了绝世高人,便下决心拜至善为师.因为红船中人大多为反清志士,所以至善破例教梁二娣武功亦不难理解.还有一种说法是至善同 梁二娣 来了个互换拳艺,亦即拳棍互换,不过此说法好象疑点颇多,因为正常情况下 至善 与咏春的师夫武五枚是一个辈分,他不可能与一后辈互换拳艺.当然至善擅长少林六点棍则是真的,只是 梁二娣 在学了他的棍法后又渗入了自己的咏春原理而已.但不管怎么说,从梁二娣开始咏春拳中多了一套六点半棍则是不争的事实.
还有一点要补充的是, 至善禅师 传下来的武功体系后来被人称为永春拳,那么有人可能会问,这个永春拳与咏春拳有有什么内在的联系呢?原来据说五枚原为永春白鹤拳的高手,而永春白鹤拳的创始人亦为一位女性,叫 方七娘 ,所以此两派拳术在技击风格上有许多相似之处,但却并非同一拳术,五枚与访七娘也非同一人.只少五枚的咏春拳已在永春拳的基础上发展了很多。
梁二娣 告老还乡后又收了一为儒医高足 梁赞 ,在咏春的历史上,梁赞绝对是个关键人物,因为是他似的咏春拳名振粤闽.这位颇有绅士风度的名医出身于书香门第,不仅医术高超,且能写一手好书法,在当时的南粤经济重镇佛山称得上一绝.不过这却是一个外柔内刚之人没有外他的佛山拳王威名是完全靠实力打出来的,而不是像有的武师那样是靠宣传出名的,是他将咏春拳由地下转入地上的,他的连番征战逐步确立了咏春拳的威.由于他从无败迹,因此人们又尊称他为 佛山赞先生 ,这时 梁赞 虽名振一方,却并为曾有设馆授徒的想法,只是闲来教教几个子侄以自娱.
佛山 向有武术之乡之称,习武甚众,要想以拳勇出名,绝不是一件容易的事,而今 梁赞 实至名归,自然有很多人想投入其门下.但是有个来自广东顺德叫找 钱华 的武术狂热追求者便一心想摆梁赞为师,这个以找续岁银为生的汉子真名叫 陈华顺 ,自幼生得高大结实,且从小痴迷武术,可当时咏春拳的规矩是传内不传外只有 梁氏 子侄或梁氏族人才可择人而授,而有机会学到此门被外间传至神乎的拳艺.所以就凭陈华顺软缠硬磨, 梁赞 就是不答应,因为梁赞家资丰富而无需以教拳为生.但陈华顺外表生得憨厚老实,却也颇有心计,不愧是个精明的小商人,他便采取一个没有办法的办法:每天晚上乘梁赞教学生时从其铺头的门缝中去偷学,因为梁赞但是都是晚上收工后将铺门关上而在店铺中授艺,而当时的店铺又全都是用木板门档着,故而或多或少会有一些缝隙.不过有一天这个秘密还是被梁载发现了,因为一次 梁赞 外出后, 陈华顺 竟在他人的鼓励下与梁赞的儿子梁春进行了一次友谊性的较量,结果竟然胜了对方,其中也暴露出了一些咏春的招式.于是梁赞很快知道了陈华顺偷学一事.便叫来查问,并看了一下他的身手,发现他学的只是一些皮毛,之所以取胜只是因为平时刻苦练习并且身材高大的缘故,陈华顺身高近2米的身体,加上平时又是干体力活,自然不容易落败.
因陈华顺已经学了一部分咏春拳,如果出去被打败,自然会影响咏春券的声誉.于是在陈华孙的再三苦苦哀求下, 梁赞 终于答应了收他为徒.在陈华顺当时的师兄弟中,功夫高卓的有恩师的两个儿子梁春, 梁壁 ,还有"猎肉贵"卢贵等人,不过据说其中以陈华顺的武功为最高,究其原因:一是拳艺得来不容易故而辈加珍惜;二是实践多,因为他常代师应战;三是身高体壮,正所谓"身大力不亏".
陈华顺 后来以从师门学来的医术为生,不过却却和师夫梁赞一样没有公开授徒,只是私下带着几名弟子进行修习,他一生中的授武生涯长达40年,但前后却只教过16名弟子.陈华顺收徒之严格是他师夫有过之而无不及的.他最出色的弟子有 吴仲素 陈汝棉 (陈华顺儿子),雷汝济,吴小鲁, 阮奇山 等几个人,至于最后一位入室弟子 叶问 则是在其70岁以后才收下的.
叶问亦出身于 佛山 望族,据说自小就有三大爱好:打功夫,玩枪(后来当过一段时间的侦缉队长),玩雀.由于他天资聪慧,得到师父厚爱,但好景不长, 陈华顺 在仅仅教了他三年拳艺后就与世长辞了。不过他逝世前交代早已代师授艺的吴仲素要好好照顾这位关门小师弟.后来叶问要离开佛山到香港读书,因为家里人希望他接受最好的教育.塞翁失马,焉知非福.叶问在H.K.又碰到了 梁赞 的儿子 梁壁----- 一位正宗咏春拳艺的拥有者,他自然不会错过这样的机会.于是叶问到24岁才回到佛山.当时,叶问在H.K.读书时没有放弃练功,后来听同学讲有一为武师很厉害,便想去见识一下,结果不打不相识,他生平第一次在讲手中输给对方,当然也是唯一的一次,原来这位中年武师正是自己的师叔 梁壁 叶问 在跟梁壁学艺几年后才回佛山,这时他已是咏春高手了.重要的是,他也继承了开门师父 陈华顺 的特点,以事实说话,他坚信功夫是打出来的。
叶问在 佛山 亦收过一些弟子,其中最出名的有周光裕, 郭富 ,伦佳,陈志新等人,另外别的咏春流派的 彭南 师傅也曾得到过叶问的指点.二战爆发后,叶公便辞去在警察局的职务而来到H.K.并一直到1949年才开始教授拳艺,此时叶问已经56岁,但仍然拳法精湛.他在H.K.的弟子有梁湘, 骆耀 黄淳梁 徐尚田 等人.
叶问 的弟子中数黄淳梁最注重实战而且打遍全港无敌手,被誉为讲手王. 李小龙 则是1954年由 叶问宗师 的另一为高徒 张卓庆 介绍而拜入门下的,李小龙虽在馆里学了几天觉得闷而退了出来,但在接下来的一场打斗中,于下意识的情况下使出了咏春拳的一记日字冲拳并反败为胜,便又回到叶问门下,不过这次是由黄淳梁带师授艺.这下李小龙如鱼得水,因为黄淳梁不仅拳艺高超,而且理论也极有见地.由于李小龙和黄淳梁一样注重实践,所以他们俩很投缘,很快成为咏春拳实战派的代表人物.李小龙对对咏春更是如饥似渴,如痴如醉,废寝忘食的地步,为了多得到师兄的个人指点,他甚至常在师兄门口对别的来学艺的同门师兄弟说师兄不在,然后他就可以自己一个人去享受师兄的单独教导了.
黄淳梁 李小龙 的关心和教导为 李小龙 后来成为一代功夫大师打下了坚实基础.也可以说,正是咏春拳的深厚基础使李小龙创立了攻势凌厉的截拳道.

宗谱

佛山 咏春拳始于何时,源于何地,是谁人所创,这是广大咏春拳爱好者倍感关切和饶感兴趣的问题。由于文字资料的缺乏,有关咏春拳的历史只在群众中口头流传,再则就是野史小说的描述。随着时间的推移,说法就互有出入,故有关咏春拳的起源,一直都是众说纷纭,从来就没有一个统一的说法。为了追寻历史的本来面目,笔者曾深入咏春拳流行的各个地方,向一些深 咏春拳掌故的武林前辈调查访问,追根溯源。但虽经几番努力,我们还是未能寻得一个确切的、为人所信服、所认可、所接受的统一的结论。所以,在这里我们只能将调查所得有关咏春拳起源的种种说法向群众如实介绍,以供人们参考思索。或许通过我们的共同努力,最终能得出一个统一的真实可靠的结论来。
关于咏春拳的起源,大致有这样几种说法:一说是创于 福建 严咏春 ,咏春拳因此得名。严咏春拳是清中叶少林俗家弟子严四之女,她偶然看到蛇鹤相争,受启发而在自己原有的武功基础上,创编了咏春拳术。第二种说法则认为咏春拳创始于五枚师太,见到蛇鹤相争而有所悟的是五枚而非严咏春。 五枚师太 清初 的少林派弟子,有说她还是少林白鹤拳高手。由于福建 南少林 清政府 所焚,她为了避祸,乃隐居于川滇边界的 大凉山 ,因见蛇鹤相争而创出咏春拳,后来便传于 严咏春 。也有说法是,五枚创咏春拳后,并非直接传给了解 严咏春 ,而是传给了少林弟子苗顺,苗顺传少林俗家弟子严二,严二再传女咏春及婿梁傅俦。这个严二就是前面据说的严四。第三种说法是:咏春拳的创编与五枚师太或严咏拳均无关系,更没有什么蛇鹤相争,而咏春拳的前身应为咏春拳,是清初反清组织“ 天地会 ”的一种斗争武技,为 河南嵩山 少林弟子一尘庵主所创。他(或“她”)首先传给汀昆戏班的武生 张五 (人称摊手五,据说有“一只摊手独步武林”之誉),张五后来落难来粤,落脚于 南海县 佛山镇 大基尾的“琼花会馆”,便将咏春拳传于 粤剧 界诸弟子。后 咸丰 年间 李文茂 起义,诸弟子为避祸而将“咏春拳”的“泳”字改为“永”、“咏”。红船中人黄宝华、 梁二娣 、大花面锦等人学得此拳,又再传给在佛山筷子路开中药店兼行医的 梁赞 ,此后梁赞将咏春拳发扬光大。第四种说法,又说咏春拳应为永春拳,得名于 福建 泉州少林寺的永春殿,乃当年进殿者所习的南派内拳法,全称是少林永春,总教习是少林弟子 至善禅师 南少林 被婪,至善逃避到 佛山 ,曾一度藏匿于粤剧红船中当伙夫。后因在东莞打抱不平而露出行藏,戏班中人便纷纷拜他为师。弟子中有惠州人氏 苏三娘 ,为戏班中花旦,所学尤精,被人誉为“永春三娘”。后三娘将武功传于红船中人 黄华宝 梁二娣 等人,黄、梁又传 佛山 梁赞 ,使永春拳得以在佛山发扬光大。在这里需要说明的是上文所列的“泳春”、‘咏春拳“、“永春拳”,都为同一拳派的不同称呼。为不使读者误解,本文统一用“泳”。
以上诸种说法,虽然都是各有所本,且尽皆言之凿凿。各自以为真实可信,但都不能说是尽善尽美、无懈可击、可作权威立论。若从时间、地点、人物、历史背景、现实情况等各方面去作仔细推敲,则上述诸说,均让人有可觉疑惑之处。
有些言之过简,难以辩真伪。如一尘庵主,说者就只有这么一句话,“泳春拳乃 嵩山少林寺 弟子一尘庵主所传”,连性别都没有讲清。“ 嵩山少林 弟子”则似乎出身于嵩山少林寺应是个女尼。再者,一尘庵主若果真是一个女尼,而 五枚师太 也是一个女尼,两者是否就是同一个人物,也颇有思考余地。可惜材料缺乏,无以考证。
有些则与历史背景不符,失去存在的依据。如五枚师太、 至善禅师 ,都说成是因 南少林 被焚而流亡外地的。但据当代历史学家及武林界人士,依据清官档案材料的考证,在清朝,南北少林皆倍受朝廷恩宠礼遇。不管 顺治 康熙 雍正 乾隆 嘉庆 道光 咸丰 同治 ,直至 光绪 宣统 ,都从来没有发生过朝廷焚烧少林之事。火烧少林一说,是当时的反清组织“ 天地会 ”,为了煽动起武林人士的反清情绪而编造出来的。既然历史真实并非如此,则五枚、至善逃亡避祸之说就难以成立,他们因此而创编了咏春拳,并将少林永春殿的咏春拳传播出去之种种说法,其可信性自然也很值得怀疑。
有些则与现实有出入,难以自圆其说。如说 摊手五 或是 至善禅师 ,在红船所传的本是叫永春拳,后因咸丰年间 粤剧 艺人 李文茂 起义,遭受 清政府 镇压,连及“琼花官”诸弟子。为了掩人耳目,门人乃将所习之永春拳改名为咏春拳或泳春拳。即就是说,永春拳与咏春拳、泳春拳应是同一拳派的不同称呼。但据考证当时的事实是,泳、咏春拳流传之时,永春拳依旧公开流传于世,两者并行不悖。难道一部分因避祸而易名,而另一部分则无需避祸?这似乎是说不过去。且今天的永春拳与泳、咏春拳,虽然其音相近,但却各自不同的武学内容与训练系统,实乃两个不同的拳派,不能相混。所以上述说法,似与事实不符,难以弥缝其说。
其他如 严咏春 其人,关于她的种种传闻,实在也颇有斟酌的余地。若果真有其人,则其生存的年限就很有考究。若说她是 五枚师太 的传人,则她起码是 雍正 乾隆 年代的人。但另有一说, 梁赞 曾遵其 黄华宝 之命,往 福建 寻严咏春继续学艺深造,若说严咏春既学艺五枚,又传艺于梁赞,则她便跨越 雍正 、乾隆、 嘉庆 道光 咸丰 同治 等六个朝代,起码活150岁至200岁,这当然也是不可能的。所以严咏春是否确有其人,她生活于哪个朝代,就很有必要弄个清楚。
总之,上述种种说法,只能给人留下一个有待揭开的谜底。咏春拳的起源所以有种种不同的说法,原因当然是多方面的。但人们对咏春拳的崇拜、敬仰,当是其中一个重要的原因。出于崇拜心理,人们往往不满足于一般平凡的说法,总喜欢把所崇拜的东西找一个不平凡的出处,把它传奇化、神话化。再加上口头传说中的不断加工、创造,于是越说越多、越说越玄,与历史真实距离越来越远,终至面目全非,各持已说。人是如此,物是如此,古今先贤、帝王将相,总有不平凡的出处。所谓“不凡之子,当异其生”,这是咱们中国很有趣的一种历史现象。有关咏春拳起源的种种不同的说法,大概也是属于这种现象,历史就是这样活在人们的口中。
咏春拳起源之谜,恐怕将永远是一个无法解开的历史纽结。让诸种说法并存,让它们一代一代流传下去,给人们留下一定的神秘感,让人们去思考、去想象,也未必不是没有积极意义的。
那么咏春拳的流传及怎么传入 佛山 的呢?这得从 黄华宝 梁二娣 谈起。
黄华宝、梁二娣都是“ 红船 ”中人,黄华宝是小武,梁二娣是红船中的船工。他们生活的年代是清中叶,由于咏春拳的起源说法不一,所以此二人的师承关系也有多种不同的说法。
有说他们的咏春拳艺传摊手五,摊手五避难红船,将泳春拳艺传于红船中人,黄华宝、梁二娣、大花面锦等得传所学,成为佛山第一代泳春传人。
有说他们的泳春拳艺学于 严咏春 ,而学艺的地点有是 广东南雄 ,也有说是 广东肇庆 。说是约嘉庆年间咏春夫妇辗转在 南雄 (或 肇庆 )授拳,当时 黄华宝 梁二娣 、大花面锦等随红船往该地演出,得以结识咏春夫妇,终于拜师学得泳春拳艺。
另一说他们的拳艺学自严咏春的夫婿 梁博俦 ,因当时咏春已去世。而他们有什么机缘得以拜梁博俦为师,说者就没有交代清楚了。
也有一种说法是 至善禅师 在红船中把泳春拳传于班中花旦 苏三娘 ,再将武功传于黄华宝、梁二娣等人,黄、梁又传 佛山 梁赞
再有一种说法是,黄华宝的泳春拳艺学自一个叫 梁兰桂 的“草药朗中”。梁兰桂的生平事迹不详,但据说他是拜梁博俦为师的。梁兰桂传拳于 黄华宝 。而 梁二娣 的泳春拳学自黄华宝。据说在班中避难的至善禅师将少林六点半棍传给了天生神力的梁二娣。后梁二娣在晚年收了梁赞为徒,将泳春拳艺,包括六点半棍全部传授给他。梁赞后来便将泳春拳发扬光大。
上诸种说法,且无论以哪一种说法为实,黄华宝、梁二娣、大花面锦等是 佛山 第一代泳春拳传人,这是确实无疑的。他们承前启后,使泳春拳得以在 佛山 流传发展,实在是功不可没。

咏春拳

是中国拳术的南拳之一,早年流行于广东、 福建 各地。此拳初传于福建 永春县 ,为该县严三娘所创,以地名为拳名,故明“咏春拳”,亦有以严氏名咏春,称之为“咏春拳”者。这现代最流行的中国武术门派,在欧洲得到快速发展。咏春拳术以身体结构、关节活动及 流体力学 开始研究改进,完全脱离了传统八股的五行八卦及像形神意等玄学虚幻、非科学逻辑性的近似哲学解释。
此拳主要手型为凤眼拳、柳叶掌,拳术套路主要有小念头、寻桥和标指3套拳及木人桩。基本手法以三傍手为主,还有挫手、撩手、破排手、沉桥、粘打。主要步型有四平马、三字马、追马、跪马、独立步等。它是一种集内家拳法和近打于一身的拳术。它立足于实战,具有招式多变、运用灵活、出拳弹性,短桥窄马,擅发寸劲为主要特点,以大闪侧,小俯仰,耕拦摊膀,摸荡捋,审势记牢,曲手留中的手法,以搭、截、沉、标、膀、腕指、黏、摸、熨荡、偷、漏和“二字钳阳马”的身形步法为标志。凭借手桥肌肤灵敏的感觉,发挥寸劲力量的内家拳法。
著名武打明星 李小龙 曾跟随 叶问宗师 系统地学习过咏春拳,可以说,李小龙创立的截拳道与咏春拳有着密不可分的关系。叶问的弟子分别是周光耀( 叶问 的儿子 叶准 称,叶问原先是不收徒弟的,原因是“怕麻烦”。抗战期间,叶问的思想发生了很大的转变,于是在 周清泉 的纱厂内首次开班授徒,周清泉的儿子周光耀则顺理成章地成为了叶问的大弟子。)、粱相、 张学健 、何金铬、 招允 卢文锦 黄淳梁 王乔 、伦佳、 梁挺 、李小龙、 徐尚田
咏春拳是一种十分科学化和人工化的拳术。其长处在于埋身搏击。它拳快而防守紧密,马步灵活和上落快,攻守兼备及守攻同期,注重刚柔并济,气力消耗量少。
咏春拳就其理论、心法、手法等创有小念头、寻桥和标指等三拳套及木人椿法。更配合黏手练习以训练及敌桥手双接后的感觉和反应。咏春拳用一种叫做“寸劲”之发力方法来攻击和防守。理论和心法方面注重中线、埋 [zhēng] 、朝面追形、左右兼顾、来留去送、甩手直冲等,以最短距离和时间去进攻和防守。

阮奇山

咏春拳源流史略—— 阮奇山 —— 岑能 一脉承传的历史沿革
文: 阮祖棠 岑迪斯 周赐禧
根据有关文史资料,佛山博物馆有关档案记载及阮奇山、岑能两代宗师 口述历史 ,整理出以阮奇山—岑能—广州咏春系统为脉络主线的咏春拳史略,谨供研究咏春拳发展历史的人士参考。
咏春拳派始祖,为五枚尼姑。相传 五枚师太 早年在 四川峨眉山 修道,常往来于群山秀水之间,时有目睹鹤蛇相斗,因而悟化山一套长于打斗的拳技。这是距今二百多年的传闻。
此拳创自女流,外在风格似婉约娴静,实质却是一套十分讲求技击效能,杀技凌厉的武技拳法。
由于该拳法创始人五枚师太自身的女性体能特征,如企求在极短时效内制胜力量型的强势攻击,就必须要结合力点力角力距,触觉以及腰马变势和机巧的攻防角位的运用。故该拳技与其他拳术在技法和理论上都有较大差别。
五枚师太 曾在广州河南宁隐庵隐居过较长时间,闲时习武并收授庵内尼姑为徒。
五枚大师早期的传人中,一名是广州河南二龙街的屠户 谢发 ,又名谢育发,曾拜宁隐庵内尼姑为师学习这套被五枚大师早期弟子称为“五枚拳”的武技。以后谢发将五枚拳法传授给五个儿子,当地人称“谢家五虎”。
当时得五枚师太衣 [bō] 真传者,其中一个就是苗顺。苗顺对五枚拳法悟性颇高,以后将该拳法去短取长创新,在日后传授给严二。
严二曾精习洪拳。这位反清义士是 福建 泉州 洪门 分舵的“红棍(洪门组织内分管武装的职位)”。其他如“白扇( 军师 )”、“草鞋(交通情报)”等,由于反事败露遭官府通缉,严二携家从 福建 迁居广东连城(今粤北 连州市 )。在 连城县 郊以卖豆腐为生。后来严二有幸得以结织苗顺,遂得五枚拳之道。
严二的长女 严咏春 ,俗名严三娘,天资超脱,自幼随父弄拳习武,尽得五枚拳真传。
此时,另一位 反清复明 义士 梁博俦 ,( 江西 人氏)亦因躲避官府追捕落难连城县,为严二所收留。后来梁博俦入赘严家,与咏春三娘结为夫妻。严二去世后,严咏春与丈夫梁博俦移居 广东 粤北 南雄县 ,并将五枚拳法相授梁博俦。以后严咏春病故,梁博俦就在南雄县设馆授拳。为怀念爱妻之恩,梁博俦遂将五枚拳改称为“咏春拳”。也就是说,咏春拳创于五枚,命名始于梁博俦。
此时的咏春拳功技系列的拳、棍、刀、桩功法已臻完善。
佛山粤剧红船的琼花会馆中,几位梨园弟子 黄华宝 陆锦 (大花面锦),高佬忠等随红船戏班上 南雄 演戏。酷爱 粤剧 梁博俦 每当戏班上演必前往捧场。黄华宝主演的 关云长 忠肝义胆,大花面锦的 张飞 扮相武风凛凛,高佬忠的 刘备 义薄云天,感动了台下的梁博俦,萌生与三人结交之意,一回生几回熟,再经有心人撮合,梁博俦与黄华宝,大花面锦,高佬忠一见如故。梁博俦无子女无牵挂,毅然随红船戏班南下,定居于 广州 。以后梁博俦更将黄华宝,大花面锦,高佬忠收为入室弟子。
日后 黄华宝 将咏春拳技传授给戏班好友 梁二娣 。梁二娣得技后又将拳技传给 鹤山县 古劳乡人士 梁赞 。在 黄华宝 五十寿辰之际,梁二娣携徒梁赞前往祝寿,梁赞因此结识黄华宝。黄华宝对梁赞赏识之余;更将梁赞作为关门弟子纳于门下。
梁赞于黄华宝门下续技完满后,在广东佛山镇筷子街开设赞生堂(后改名杏济堂)熟药店卖药行医,并在赞生堂医馆内授徒传扬咏春拳技。梁赞收授的门徒有 陈华顺 (找钱华)、卢桂(猪肉桂)、梁奇(流氓奇)及儿子 梁璧 等。
陈华顺传徒不少,较有代表性的有雷汝济、 何享健 、吴少鲁、何汉侣、 吴仲素 及儿子 陈汝棉 等。陈汝棉再将拳技传给二位儿子。吴仲素传子吴一飞及门徒霍珠等。1913年陈华顺 中风 病逝。
再说当时与 黄华宝 一同在 广州 师承 梁博俦 习咏春拳技的大花面锦(陆锦)技成后一直留在 广州 。以后大花面锦更以咏春拳技造就了战功赫赫,威震江湖的武林枭雄,一代名捕冯少青。其时已进入晚清乾嘉年代。
冯少青是广东顺德人氏,武功卓越铁血侠义,曾在 香山县 (今 中山市 )都司衙门和粤制台府任武职。自 咸丰 八年起(1858年)作为随伺武官追随 清代 名臣湖南巡抚 骆秉章 (广东花县人。曾国藩政治集团的重要幕僚。曾任湖北按察使, 贵州 布政史,云南藩司)帐下忠心效力。咸丰十一年骆秉章 [zhuó] 四川 总督,冯少青受命执掌蜀中治安,在提刑按察司府总捕头职任上(负责治安、刑狱的省级司法机关),与各路强梁悍匪兵戎厮杀血溅刀锋。写下他毕生最具色彩的铿 传奇。从1858年起至1867年骆秉章病逝川督任上,冯少青在骆秉章麾下九年的叱咤功业为咏春拳历史留下铁血华章。
再说 佛山镇 富商阮宠明,娶一妻二妾,其两名儿子 阮济云 阮奇山 兄弟天性嗜武,自幼便师随咏春拳名师霍保全修练咏春拳技多年,功夫造诣非凡。其时旅居 安南 (今 越南 )的华人劳工常遭当地黑帮势力欺凌勒索。为保身家安危,当地华人团体“南番顺同乡会”出资礼聘阮济云往安南授武,嗜武如命的阮济云舍弃大富之家的安逸生活,欣然前往安南广宁北部山区的 铅锌矿 场,为华人矿工传授咏春拳技。后来在一场华人劳工与当地黑帮势力的恶性冲突中,双方涉案触犯刑法均遭安南治安当局现场抓捕。 阮济云 在双手被手铐戒扣的情况下仍重创多名黑帮分子。 阮济云 此役成为千秋佳话。后来阮济云顺应警方开出的交换条件,在 河内 留驻四年将咏春武功传授给一批高级警官,以作其涉案相抵功过。之后阮济云先后在海防等几个城市传扬武技,以后定居 西贡 。今日 越南 及东南亚国家及中国广西有其传人在延续咏春拳的承传。
回头再说阮宠明,晚清 举人 ,家世显赫。除在 佛山 和省城经营多家工厂商号外包括当时佛山街知巷闻的药行“阮时和堂”)阮宠明亦受朝廷册封正四品直奉大夫,署理直隶、 奉天 (今 河北 辽宁 )两省教育、文化、宗教、邮政事务。阮宠明的官职是捐任的,当时有买官补缺制度,所捐官职实职任用,买官者须具备相对才干的俊贤。
由于官场的相交相惜,阮宠明将原配夫人所生的女儿(即 阮奇山 同父异母姐姐)阮聘如许配 骆秉章 次子骆天诒(举人)。由于骆、阮两家的姻亲关系,阮氏兄弟早已拜识令湘蜀强贼悍匪望风披糜的 四川 总捕头冯少青的赫赫威名。
四川历来是多事之地,又是匪患的重灾区。冯少青追随骆秉章麾下九年,在四川提刑按察司府捕总任上血溅江湖,与反叛朝廷的少数民族部族对垒厮杀,与奸盗劫掠的恶棍短兵肉搏,镇压匪患刀锋见红,审裁刑罪峻法酷刑,如凌迟、炮烙等。对官匪勾结铁腕惩治,与官场弊恶势同水火。冯少青的铁血政策改善了四川严峻的治安局面,同时也触犯和得罪尽朝野各方既得利益者.正应对了一个真理:“当一个人最终站在胜利的高地上时,也许身上己伤痕累累”。所指伤痕有皮肉之伤,也有被奸妄传言的中伤。
世事无常,历史跌荡。 同治 六年(1867年), 骆秉章 病逝川督任上,冯少青顿失官场靠山,一段叱咤江湖的辉煌人生也走到了尽头。一年之后,已在官场举步为艰难以立足的冯少青,向继任骆秉章后对他并不信任和重用的川督 吴棠 辞掉官职,淡出曾经踌躇满志的仕途,偕同一帮仕途失势的亲信部属同僚出走 缅甸 ,到异国他乡谋生去也。
冯少青在异国飘泊多年,至回归故里已是74岁 花甲 之龄,一直终生未有婚娶。如返乡终老亦只有与孤寂相伴终生。冯少青从缅甸返国即落脚 佛山 ,亦正是得于天道机缘之合。唯因冯少青是情义中人,他自缅甸返国第一站即径奔佛山,亦是为探访恩公 骆秉章 的遗属(骆秉章虽出生花县,但从 曾祖父 一代于 乾隆年间 已从花县迁居佛山,骆秉章出生不久便移居佛山与父亲骆栩元同住。骆秉章后代也在佛山 落地生根 )。亦唯因阮家与骆家的关系渊源而与冯少青曾有交往。正好阮宠明厚爱其第五子 阮奇山 的武学天资,得知冯少青回国行踪,遂扶驾暮年之躯亲往求贤,不惜以重金礼聘冯少青客居 佛山镇 的直奉大夫府第“桑园”(今佛山福贤路)深造阮奇山的咏春功技(其时四子 阮济云 已赴安南)。其间 佛山镇 知名人士,制药业巨头马伯良之子马仲如,迁善堂少东赵简卿,英聚茶楼东主罗厚普,筷子街肉店东主区仕,南海邵边乡人黎光甫等人亦厚礼求师,拜于冯少青门下研习咏春武学。冯少青78岁病逝 佛山
阮奇山是多家工厂商号的少东,又是民国地方政府的状师,被广东武术界和民间称誉为“佛山阮老揸”的阮奇山,日后成为佛山咏春拳宗派的领袖人物之一,其技服以腿功享誉北国武林的 于姓 拳师和万寿宫比棍一役,令堪称一棍之祖的北方骠悍僧人臣服其“六点半棍法”之下的经典战例,风糜三十年代的广东武林,并在佛山上一代人中有口皆碑。作为咏春拳一代宗师的 阮奇山 ,亦是咏春拳宗派的理论奠基人而名垂武林历史。
历史掀过去沧桑一页,咏春拳近代史上一位杰出的人物 岑能 横空出世。
岑能1926年出生于 秘鲁 ,有母亲的秘鲁血统和父亲的中国血统的混血儿岑能,5岁时随家人从秘鲁返回故乡 广东南海 深村乡仁和村探亲游览。不幸太平洋战事阻隔了中国与海外的通航,岑能一夜之间由一名富门弟子成了失去双亲一贫如洗的孤儿。12岁时,为谋生计岑能经人介绍在 佛山镇 天海茶楼当杂工。这名生性驯良的茶楼小伙计在恶人横行的社会免不了常受欺侮。胜在岑能做事勤快天资聪颖,深得茶楼点心师父 张保 喜爱。张保是一位咏春拳师,为使 岑能 自保自强,将 岑能 收为徒弟授以咏春拳技。岑能习武刻苦,悟性甚高。其后再随另一位咏春名师韦玉笙学习伤科医术,岑能的武学天赋为张保的挚友 阮奇山 赏识,在张保力荐下,阮奇山将岑能揽于门下,作为入室弟子,将武功悉数尽传,其时岑能年仅18岁,然已武功精湛,在广佛地区已是声名大噪。1948年岑能只身闯荡省城广州自立谋生,在广州 大德路 开设医武馆。并先后受聘于打铁工会,饮食工会,五金工会等组织,授拳行医。
此后数十年间,岑能为咏春拳发展付出毕生精力,传下的弟子遍布世界数十个国家和地区,并成为当代咏春拳宗师。

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