Background: Chronic shoulder and low back pain are the most common injuries in weightlifters. Because weightlifting requires an explosive force transmitted from the lower extremity kinetic chain through the trunk and upper limbs to the barbell, any injury in the chain would result in a huge impact on the weightlifting performance and the tissues bearing the load. Previous studies mainly examined the biomechanical characteristics of the snatch in different loading conditions or in different levels of weightlifters, or compared the characteristics between successful or unsuccessful lifts. However, the snatch biomechanics in weightlifters with chronic shoulder or low back pain have not been investigated before. In addition, no study has examined the musculoskeletal risk factors for chronic weightlifting injuries. Purpose: To investigate (1) the differences in kinematics, muscle activity and barbell trajectory during the snatch, and (2) the differences in Functional Movement Screen (FMS), motor control tests and muscle length tests between collegiate weightlifters with and without chronic shoulder pain or low back pain. Method: This is an exploratory, cross-sectional study. Thirty-six collegiate weightlifters (21 males and 15 females, age: 20.06 years, height: 165.83cm, weight: 78.56kg) from University of Taipei or National Taiwan Sport University were recruited in our study. Participants were divided into chronic shoulder pain group (SDP) or non-shoulder pain group (nSDP), and chronic low back pain group (LBP) or non-low back pain group (nLBP). The snatch kinematics, muscle activation, and barbell trajectory were recorded during three repetitions of the 85% self-reported 1-RM (repetition maximum) snatches using the Noraxon myoMOTIONTM System (Noraxon USA Inc, Scottsdale, Ariz). The IMU (inertial measurement unit) sensors were placed at the spinous processes of the C7, T12, S2 of, the lateral aspect of the upper arm, the thigh, shin, and the dorsum of the foot. The EMG data were recorded from the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, biceps brachii, middle deltoid, erextor spinae, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus muscles (Noraxon i-DTS wireless electromyography systems). Participants were also evaluated for their movement control ability using the FMS and motor control tests, and for their flexibility by standard muscle length tests. FMS raw score of each testing item, total score, and asymmetry were calculated. Uncontrolled movement of scapula and humerus, and lumbar spine were evaluated during shoulder and lumbopelvic movement tests, and the UCM ratios were calculated. Muscle length tests included ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), rectus femoris, modified Thomas test, hamstrings, pectoralis minor, levator scapulae, latissimuss dorsi. Demographic data were analyzed by the independent t test and chi-square test. Kinematic data, EMG data and barbell trajectory were divided into five phases: first pull (1P), transition (Tr), second pull (2P), turnover (TO) and catch (Ct), and the group comparisons were assessed by the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with the least significant difference (LSD). Results of the FMS, motor control tests and muscle length tests were compared between groups using the independent t test and chi-square tests. The level of significance was set at p< 0.05. Result: (1) Comparisons between weightlifters with and without shoulder pain. The 2-way ANOVA showed group*phase interactions in 22 parameters. The post-hoc tests indicated that the SDP group had longer transition phase (p=0.004). During 1P, SDP group had delayed maximal positive angular velocity in sagittal plane of affected ankle (p=0.038) and lower maximum scapular anterior acceleration on the unaffected side (p=0.031). In Tr, the SDP group had lower maximum scapular anterior acceleration on the unaffected side (p=0.043), and their maximal positive angular velocity in sagittal plane of affected ankle (p=0.026) was delayed, and the maximum positive angular velocity in sagittal plane of unaffected shoulder occurred earlier (p=0.014). In 2P, the SDP group had higher pelvic posterior acceleration (p=0.041), maximum upper arm posterior acceleration on unaffected side (p=0.025), maximum positive angular velocity in horizontal plane of affected shoulder (p=0.006), and the maximum negative angular velocity in sagittal plane of thoracic spine (p=0.015) occurred earlier than the nSDP group. In TO, the SDP group showed higher positive angle in saggital plane of affected ankle (p=0.003) and maximum positive angular velocity in horizontal plane of affected shoulder (p=0.049), and lower maximum scapular general acceleration on the unaffected side (p=0.041) and maximum negative angular velocity in sagittal plane of affected shoulder (p=0.031). The SDP group also had an earlier onset for the the maximum shin anterior acceleration (p=0.015), the minimum thoracic rotation range of motion (ROM) (p=0.007), the maximum positive angular velocity in horizontal plane of unaffected shoulder (p=0.012), and a delayed occurrence of the maximum negative angular velocity in horizontal plane of unaffected shoulder (p=0.041). In Ct, the SDP group had higher maximal negative angle in saggital plane of affected ankle (p=0.032) and maximum upper arm superior acceleration on the affected side (p=0.035), and lower maximum positive angular velocity in horizontal plane of unaffected shoulder (p=0.014). The maximal negative angle in horizontal plane of affected hip (p=0.015) was delayed in the SDP group. For the movement control, the SDP group showed lower shoulder mobility score on the affected side (p=0.048), lower shoulder mobility final score (p=0.016), higher shoulder mobility asymmetry (p=0.006) and higher inline lunge asymmetry (p=0.044) in FMS testing. The SDP group also revealed poorer shoulder flexion control with scapula uncontrolled anterior tilt (p=0.012) and winging (p=0.003), poorer shoulder abduction control with scapula uncontrolled anterior tilt (p<0.001) and elevation (p=0.040), and higher uncontrolled movement ratio of the shoulder flexion (p<0.001), shoulder abduction (p<0.001) and total shoulder movement (p<0.001). No significant difference was found in muscle length test. (2) Comparisons between weightlifters with and without chronic low back pain. The 2-way ANOVA showed 22 parameters having group*phase interactions. The psot-hoc tests indicated that during 1P, the LBP group had an earlier onset of the maximum thigh lateral acceleration on the non-dominant side (NDS) (p=0.006) and maximum foot superior acceleration on the dominant side (DS) (p=0.038), and a delayed onset of the maximum foot anterior acceleration on the DS (p=0.003) and the maximum positive range in horizontal plane of lumbar spine (p=0.033). In Tr, the LBP group had lower upper arm anterior acceleration on the NDS (p=0.008) and maximum upper arm lateral acceleration on the NDS (p=0.04). In 2P, the LBP group showed an earlier onset of the maximal positive range in horizontal plane of lumbar spine (p=0.04). In TO, the LBP group had higher maximum thigh general acceleration on the DS (p=0.031), maximum thigh anterior acceleration on the DS (p=0.033), maximum thigh superior acceleration on the NDS (p=0.028), maximum upper arm lateral acceleration on NDS (p=0.032), and maximum upper arm anterior acceleration on NDS (p=0.015); and lower maximal negative angular acceleration in the sagittal plane of NDS knee (p=0.007). The LBP group also had an earlier onset of the maximal negative angular acceleration in the horizontal plane of DS shoulder (p=0.001) and a delayed onset of the maximal positive angular acceleration in the horizontal plane of DS shoulder (p=0.012). In Ct, the LBP group showed an earlier onset of the maximum thigh posterior acceleration on the ND (p<0.001). For the movement control testing, the LBP group had lower squat score (p=0.015) and lower total score (p=0.025) in the FMS testing. The LBP group also demonstrated poorer lumbar flexion control of the ischial weight-bearing test (p=0.013) and poorer lumbar extension control during the standing thoracic extension test (p=0.038), and higher uncontrolled movement ratios of the lumbar flexion (p=0.007), lumbar extension (p=0.025) and total lumbar movement (p=0.003). No significant difference was found in the muscle length testing. Conclusion: (1) The SDP group might present poor power production with lower pelvic anterior acceleration during 2P owing to an earlier thoracic extension movement. In TO and Ct, the affected shoulder had less flexion velocity and increased horizontal abduction velocity during the overhead movement in the SDP group. The poor shoulder flexion and abduction motor control, and shoulder mobility might be related to the altered overhead movement. During the whole process of snatch, the SDP group showed asymmetrical movement of the upper and lower extremities, which was consistent to the finding of the asymmetrical shoulder mobility and inline lunge in the FMS testing. (2) The LBP group had altered lumbar rotation sequence and erector spinae muscle firing sequence, along with higher upper arm and thigh segament acceleration in the TO and Ct and asymmetrical upper arm and thigh segament acceleration in 1P, Tr, TO and Ct. Lower total score and the score of the squat in FMS, and poor lumbar flexion and extension motor control, especially in stand to sit and standing thoracic spine extension, indicated that the LBP group had poor quality of overhead squat movement pattern. Clinical Relevance: To minimize the risk of weightlifting injury, coaches can focus more on reducing asymmetrical movement of upper or lower extrimities, altered lumbar rotation ROM and erector spinae activation sequence, and compensational shoulder flexion and horizontal abduction velocity on the affected side while instructing collegiate weightlifters. Clinicians may consider adding motor control tests and functional movement assessment when evaluating collegiate weightlifters, with special focuses on shoulder flexion and abduction test, ischial weight-bearing sit and standing thoracic extension in lumbar motor control test, score and asyemmtry of shoulder mobility, inline lunge, deep squat and total score in the FMS. Key word: weightlifting, chronic pain, motion analysis, movement control, functional movement screen
目錄
謝誌 I
中文摘要 II
英文摘要 VII
目錄 I
表目錄 III
圖目錄 V
附錄目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究假設 3
第四節 重要性 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
第ㄧ節 抓舉運動中，運動學、動力學、槓鈴軌跡與肌肉活化分析 4
第二節 舉重運動傷害 8
第三節 動作控制策略與慢性疼痛之關聯性 11
第四節 文獻回顧之綜合探討與研究目的 14
第三章 研究方法 15
第一節 研究設計與研究架構 15
第二節 研究材料與研究方法 15
第三節 資料處理與分析方法 30
第四章 結果 33
第一節 受試者基本資料 33
第二節 抓舉生物力學分析 35
第三節 功能性動作篩檢 42
第四節 動作控制測試 43
第六節 肌肉長度測試 45
第五章 討論 46
第一節 肩痛組與無肩痛組之比較 49
第二節 背痛組與無背痛組之比較 60
第三節 臨床運用 67
第四節 研究限制與未來研究方向 67
第六章 結論 70


表目錄
表1、受試者基本資料：肩痛組與無肩痛組 81
表2、過去一年之慢性疼痛分數：肩痛組與無肩痛組 82
表3、受試者基本資料：背痛組與無背痛組 83
表4、過去一年之慢性疼痛分數：背痛組與無背痛組 84
表5、肩痛組與無肩痛組抓舉生物力學比較：組別分期交互作用顯著參數列表（雙因子變異數分析） 85
表6、肩痛組與無肩痛組抓舉生物力學比較：組別主效果顯著參數列表（雙因子變異數分析） 87
表7、肩痛組與無肩痛組抓舉生物力學比較：顯著參數列表（單因子變異數分析） 89
表8、肩痛組與無肩痛組抓舉生物力學事後分析比較（最小顯著差異性測驗） 90
表9、背痛組與無背痛組抓舉生物力學比較：組別分期交互作用顯著參數列表（雙因子變異數分析） 98
表10、背痛組與無背痛組抓舉生物力學比較：組別主效果顯著參數列表（雙因子變異數分析） 100
表11、背痛組與無背痛組組抓舉生物力學事後分析比較（最小顯著差異性測驗） 102
表12、肩痛組與無肩痛組功能性動作篩檢比較 109
表13、肩痛組與無肩痛組功能性動作篩檢之兩側不對稱性比較 111
表14、肩痛組與無肩痛組肌肉長度測試比較 112
表15、肩痛組與無肩痛組肩部動作控制測試比較 114
表16、背痛組與無背痛組功能性動作篩檢比較 116
表17、背痛組與無背痛組功能性動作篩檢之兩側不對稱性比較 118
表18、背痛組與無背痛組肌肉長度測試比較 119
表19、背痛組與無背痛組腰部動作控制測試比較 121


圖目錄
圖 1、抓舉動作分期 122
圖 2、槓鈴軌跡分類 123
圖 3、肩關節及髖關節的關節活動角度換算公式 124
圖 4、研究流程圖 125
圖 5、攜帶式生物力學實驗室 126
圖 6、感應器設置（正面） 127
圖 7、感應器設置（背面） 128
圖 8、感應器設置（側面） 129
圖 9、槓鈴與反光球設置 130
圖 10、最大等長肌力測試（上肢） 131
圖 11、最大等長肌力測試（下肢與軀幹） 132
圖 12、功能性動作篩檢（深蹲、跨欄、直線前蹲） 133
圖 13、功能性動作篩檢（肩膀活動度、直膝抬腿、伏地挺身、旋轉穩定） 134
圖 14、肩部動作控制測試 135
圖 15、腰部動作控制測試 136
圖 16、肌肉長度測試（胸小肌、提肩胛肌、闊背肌、腳踝活動度） 137
圖 17、肌肉長度測試（股直肌、膕旁肌、髖屈肌、髖外展肌） 138
圖 18、患側踝關節矢狀面正向最大角度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 139
圖 19、患側踝關節矢狀面負向最大角度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 139
圖 20、達患側踝關節矢狀面正向最大速度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 140
圖 21、達最大健側小腿向前加速度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 140
圖 22、達患側髖關節橫狀面負向最大角度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 141
圖 23、最大骨盆向後加速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 141
圖 24、達胸椎橫狀面負向最大角度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 142
圖 25、達胸椎矢狀面負向最大角速度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 142
圖 26、最大健側肩胛骨整體加速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 143
圖 27、最大健側肩胛骨向前加速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 143
圖 28、最大健側上臂向後加速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 144
圖 29、健側肩關節橫狀面正向最大角速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 144
圖 30、健側肩關節橫狀面負向最大角速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 145
圖 31、達健側肩關節矢狀面正向最大角速度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 145
圖 32、達健側肩關節橫狀面正向最大角速度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 146
圖 33、達健側肩關節橫狀面負向最大角速度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 146
圖 34、患側肩關節矢狀面負向最大角速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 147
圖 35、患側肩關節橫狀面正向最大角速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 147
圖 36、達最大患側肩胛骨向外加速度的時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 148
圖 37、最大患側上臂整體加速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 148
圖 38、最大患側上臂向上加速度（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 149
圖 39、舉重分期時間（肩痛組與無肩痛組） 149
圖 40、最大慣用側大腿整體加速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 150
圖 41、最大慣用側大腿向前加速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 150
圖 42、最大慣用側大腿向外加速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 151
圖 43、最大非慣用側大腿向前加速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 151
圖 44、最大非慣用側大腿向上加速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 152
圖 45、達最大非慣用側大腿向外加速度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 152
圖 46、達最大非慣用側大腿向後加速度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 153
圖 47、慣用側膝關節矢狀面負向最大加速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 153
圖 48、非慣用側膝關節矢狀面負向最大角速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 154
圖 49、達最大慣用側足部向前加速度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 154
圖 50、達最大慣用側足部向上加速度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 155
圖 51、達腰椎橫狀面正向最大角度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 155
圖 52、最大非慣用側上臂向前加速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 156
圖 53、最大非慣用側上臂向外加速度（背痛組與無背痛組） 156
圖 54、達慣用側肩關節橫狀面負向最大加速度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 157
圖 55、達最大慣用側肩關節橫狀面正向最大加速度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 157
圖 56、達最大豎脊肌活化程度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 158
圖 57、達最大肱二頭肌活化程度的時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 158
圖 58、各舉重分期時間（背痛組與無背痛組） 159


附錄目錄
附錄 1、國立陽明大學人體研究暨倫理委員會同意人體研究證明書 160
附錄 2、測試表格：功能性動作篩檢、動作控制測試、肌肉長度測試 162
附錄 3、前驅研究：慣性測量單元之信度分析 165
附錄 4、前驅研究：功能性動作篩檢、肌肉長度與動作控制測試再測信度分析 169
附錄 5、單一受試者抓舉動作學、肌肉活化程度、槓鈴軌跡示意圖 175
附錄 6、動作分析參數簡寫翻譯表 193
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33. 蔣明雄, 盧素娥, 鴻宗穎. 舉重抓舉提鈴期至發力期槓鈴中心運動學特徵之研究. 運動教練科學. 2016;23-30.
34. Musser LJ, Garhammer J, Rozenek R, Crussemeyer JA, Vargas EM. Anthropometry and barbell trajectory in the snatch lift for elite women weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:1636-48.
35. Garhammer J. Weight lifting and training. Biomechanics of Sport. 1989;169-211.
36. Vorobyev AN. A textbook on weightlifting. International Weightlifting Federation; 1978
37. Stone MH, O'Bryant HS, Williams FE, Johnson RL, Pierce KC. Analysis of bar paths during the snatch in elite male weightlifters. Strength Cond J. 1998;20:30-8.
38. Ikeda Y, Jinji T, Matsubayashi T, Matsuo A, Inagaki E, Takemata T, et al. Comparison of the snatch technique for female weightlifters at the 2008 Asian championships. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:1281-95.
39. Lee S, DeRosia KD, Lamie LM. Evaluating the contribution of lower extremity kinetics to whole body power output during the power snatch. Sports Biomech. 2018;17:554-6.
40. Nagao H, Ishii Y. Characteristics of the shrug motion and trapezius muscle activity during the power clean. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;
41. Wang WS SH, Zuo HX, Rong JH, Ren YH, Tian DX. An epidemiological survey and comparative study of the injuries in weightlifting. Sport Sci. 2000;20:44-6.
42. Junge A, Engebretsen L, Mountjoy ML, Alonso JM, Renstrom PA, Aubry MJ, et al. Sports injuries during the Summer Olympic Games 2008. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:2165-72.
43. Gross ML, Brenner SL, Esformes I, Sonzogni JJ. Anterior shoulder instability in weight lifters. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:599-603.
44. Fortin JD. The biomechanicai principles of preventing weightlifting injuries. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997;11:697-716.
45. Burn MB, McCulloch PC, Lintner DM, Liberman SR, Harris JD. Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis in overhead and nonoverhead athletes: a systematic review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4:2325967115627608.
46. Struyf F, Nijs J, Baeyens JP, Mottram S, Meeusen R. Scapular positioning and movement in unimpaired shoulders, shoulder impingement syndrome, and glenohumeral instability. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21:352-8.
47. Ludewig PM, Reynolds JF. The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39:90-104.
48. O'Sullivan P. Diagnosis and classification of chronic low back pain disorders: maladaptive movement and motor control impairments as underlying mechanism. Man Ther. 2005;10:242-55.
49. Sachman S. Diagnosis and treatment of movement impairment syndromes. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2001
50. Comerford M, Mottram S. Kinetic control: the management of uncontrolled movement. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012
51. Cook G. Movement: Functional Movement Systems: Screening, Assessment, Corrective Strategies. On Target Publ.; 2011
52. Boyle M. Advances in Functional Training. Lotus; 2011
53. Bonazza NA, Smuin D, Onks CA, Silvis ML, Dhawan A. Reliability, validity, and injury predictive value of the functional movement screen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:725-32.
54. Bunn PDS, Rodrigues AI, Bezerra da Silva E. The association between the Functional Movement Screen outcome and the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport. 2019;35:146-58.
55. Moran RW, Schneiders AG, Mason J, Sullivan SJ. Do Functional Movement Screen (FMS) composite scores predict subsequent injury? a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1661-9.
56. Trinidad-Fernandez M, Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Cuesta-Vargas AI. Is a low Functional Movement Screen score (≤14/21) associated with injuries in sport? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5:e000501.
57. Chalmers S, Fuller JT, Debenedictis TA, Townsley S, Lynagh M, Gleeson C, et al. Asymmetry during preseason Functional Movement Screen testing is associated with injury during a junior Australian football season. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20:653-7.
58. Mokha M, Sprague PA, Gatens DR. Predicting musculoskeletal injury in national collegiate athletic association division II athletes from asymmetries and individual-test versus composite Functional Movement Screen scores. J Athl Train. 2016;51:276-82.
59. Lisman P, Nadelen M, Hildebrand E, Leppert K, de la Motte S. Functional movement screen and Y-Balance test scores across levels of American football players. Biol Sport. 2018;35:253-60.
60. Luomajoki HA, Bonet Beltran MB, Careddu S, Bauer CM. Effectiveness of movement control exercise on patients with non-specific low back pain and movement control impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018;36:1-11.
61. Denteneer L, Stassijns G, De Hertogh W, Truijen S, Van Daele U. Inter- and intrarater reliability of clinical tests associated with functional lumbar segmental instability and motor control impairment in patients with low back pain: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98:151-64.e6.
62. Elgueta-Cancino E, Schabrun S, Danneels L, van den Hoorn W, Hodges P. Validation of a clinical test of thoracolumbar dissociation in chronic low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45:703-12.
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64. Barbero M, Merletti R, Rainoldi A. Atlas of muscle innervation zones: understanding surface electromyography and its applications. Springer Milan; 2012
65. Mundt M, Wisser A, David S, Dupré T, Quack V, Bamer F, et al. The influence of motion tasks on the accuracy of kinematic motion patterns of an imu-based measurement system. 2017
66. Bauer CM, Rast FM, Ernst MJ, Kool J, Oetiker S, Rissanen SM, et al. Concurrent validity and reliability of a novel wireless inertial measurement system to assess trunk movement. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25:782-90.
67. Cutti AG, Giovanardi A, Rocchi L, Davalli A, Sacchetti R. Ambulatory measurement of shoulder and elbow kinematics through inertial and magnetic sensors. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2008;46:169-78.
68. Sato K, Sands WA, Stone MH. The reliability of accelerometry to measure weightlifting performance. Sports Biomech. 2012;11:524-31.
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70. 鄧捷, 阮彥鈞, 楊珈閣, 蔡詠竹, 龍柏蔓, 吳福連, et al. 大學生功能性動作檢測與Y字平衡測試對受傷之預測. 大專體育學刊. 2018;20:178-90.
71. Henoch Q, Dpt QH. Weightlifting movement assessment & optimization: mobility & stability for the snatch and clean & jerk. Catalyst Athletics, LLC; 2017
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21. Busch AM, Clifton DR, Onate JA, Ramsey VK, Cromartie F. Relationship of preseason movement screens with overuse symptoms in collegiate baseball players. International journal of sports physical therapy. 2017;12:960-6.
22. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom BJ, Voight M. Functional movement screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 1. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9:396-409.
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24. Duke SR, Martin SE, Gaul CA. Preseason Functional Movement Screen predicts risk of time-loss injury in experienced male rugby union athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31:2740-7.
25. Kiesel K, Plisky PJ, Voight ML. Can serious injury in professional football be predicted by a preseason Functional Movement Screen? N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2007;2:147-58.
26. Kiesel KB, Butler RJ, Plisky PJ. Prediction of injury by limited and asymmetrical fundamental movement patterns in american football players. J Sport Rehabil. 2014;23:88-94.
27. Mokha M, Sprague PA, Gatens DR. Predicting musculoskeletal injury in national collegiate athletic association division II athletes from asymmetries and individual-test versus composite Functional Movement Screen scores. J Athl Train. 2016;51:276-82.
28. Warren M, Smith CA, Chimera NJ. Association of the Functional Movement Screen with injuries in division I athletes. J Sport Rehabil. 2015;24:163-70.
29. Enoka RM. The pull in olympic weightlifting. Med Sci Sports. 1979;11:131-7.
30. Garhammer J. Weight lifting and training. Biomechanics of Sport. 1989;Vaughan, CL, ed. Boca Raton: CRC Publishers. 169-211.
31. Baumann W, Gross V, Quade K, Galbierz P, Schwirtz A. The snatch technique of world class weightlifters at the 1985 world championships. International Journal of Sport Biomech. 1988;4:68-89.
32. Akkus H. Kinematic analysis of the snatch lift with elite female weightlifters during the 2010 World Weightlifting Championship. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:897-905.
33. 蔣明雄, 盧素娥, 鴻宗穎. 舉重抓舉提鈴期至發力期槓鈴中心運動學特徵之研究. 運動教練科學. 2016;23-30.
34. Musser LJ, Garhammer J, Rozenek R, Crussemeyer JA, Vargas EM. Anthropometry and barbell trajectory in the snatch lift for elite women weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:1636-48.
35. Garhammer J. Weight lifting and training. Biomechanics of Sport. 1989;169-211.
36. Vorobyev AN. A textbook on weightlifting. International Weightlifting Federation; 1978
37. Stone MH, O'Bryant HS, Williams FE, Johnson RL, Pierce KC. Analysis of bar paths during the snatch in elite male weightlifters. Strength Cond J. 1998;20:30-8.
38. Ikeda Y, Jinji T, Matsubayashi T, Matsuo A, Inagaki E, Takemata T, et al. Comparison of the snatch technique for female weightlifters at the 2008 Asian championships. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:1281-95.
39. Lee S, DeRosia KD, Lamie LM. Evaluating the contribution of lower extremity kinetics to whole body power output during the power snatch. Sports Biomech. 2018;17:554-6.
40. Nagao H, Ishii Y. Characteristics of the shrug motion and trapezius muscle activity during the power clean. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;
41. Wang WS SH, Zuo HX, Rong JH, Ren YH, Tian DX. An epidemiological survey and comparative study of the injuries in weightlifting. Sport Sci. 2000;20:44-6.
42. Junge A, Engebretsen L, Mountjoy ML, Alonso JM, Renstrom PA, Aubry MJ, et al. Sports injuries during the Summer Olympic Games 2008. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:2165-72.
43. Gross ML, Brenner SL, Esformes I, Sonzogni JJ. Anterior shoulder instability in weight lifters. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:599-603.
44. Fortin JD. The biomechanicai principles of preventing weightlifting injuries. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997;11:697-716.
45. Burn MB, McCulloch PC, Lintner DM, Liberman SR, Harris JD. Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis in overhead and nonoverhead athletes: a systematic review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4:2325967115627608.
46. Struyf F, Nijs J, Baeyens JP, Mottram S, Meeusen R. Scapular positioning and movement in unimpaired shoulders, shoulder impingement syndrome, and glenohumeral instability. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21:352-8.
47. Ludewig PM, Reynolds JF. The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39:90-104.
48. O'Sullivan P. Diagnosis and classification of chronic low back pain disorders: maladaptive movement and motor control impairments as underlying mechanism. Man Ther. 2005;10:242-55.
49. Sachman S. Diagnosis and treatment of movement impairment syndromes. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2001
50. Comerford M, Mottram S. Kinetic control: the management of uncontrolled movement. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012
51. Cook G. Movement: Functional Movement Systems: Screening, Assessment, Corrective Strategies. On Target Publ.; 2011
52. Boyle M. Advances in Functional Training. Lotus; 2011
53. Bonazza NA, Smuin D, Onks CA, Silvis ML, Dhawan A. Reliability, validity, and injury predictive value of the functional movement screen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:725-32.
54. Bunn PDS, Rodrigues AI, Bezerra da Silva E. The association between the Functional Movement Screen outcome and the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport. 2019;35:146-58.
55. Moran RW, Schneiders AG, Mason J, Sullivan SJ. Do Functional Movement Screen (FMS) composite scores predict subsequent injury? a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1661-9.
56. Trinidad-Fernandez M, Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Cuesta-Vargas AI. Is a low Functional Movement Screen score (≤14/21) associated with injuries in sport? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5:e000501.
57. Chalmers S, Fuller JT, Debenedictis TA, Townsley S, Lynagh M, Gleeson C, et al. Asymmetry during preseason Functional Movement Screen testing is associated with injury during a junior Australian football season. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20:653-7.
58. Mokha M, Sprague PA, Gatens DR. Predicting musculoskeletal injury in national collegiate athletic association division II athletes from asymmetries and individual-test versus composite Functional Movement Screen scores. J Athl Train. 2016;51:276-82.
59. Lisman P, Nadelen M, Hildebrand E, Leppert K, de la Motte S. Functional movement screen and Y-Balance test scores across levels of American football players. Biol Sport. 2018;35:253-60.
60. Luomajoki HA, Bonet Beltran MB, Careddu S, Bauer CM. Effectiveness of movement control exercise on patients with non-specific low back pain and movement control impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018;36:1-11.
61. Denteneer L, Stassijns G, De Hertogh W, Truijen S, Van Daele U. Inter- and intrarater reliability of clinical tests associated with functional lumbar segmental instability and motor control impairment in patients with low back pain: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98:151-64.e6.
62. Elgueta-Cancino E, Schabrun S, Danneels L, van den Hoorn W, Hodges P. Validation of a clinical test of thoracolumbar dissociation in chronic low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45:703-12.
63. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175-91.
64. Barbero M, Merletti R, Rainoldi A. Atlas of muscle innervation zones: understanding surface electromyography and its applications. Springer Milan; 2012
65. Mundt M, Wisser A, David S, Dupré T, Quack V, Bamer F, et al. The influence of motion tasks on the accuracy of kinematic motion patterns of an imu-based measurement system. 2017
66. Bauer CM, Rast FM, Ernst MJ, Kool J, Oetiker S, Rissanen SM, et al. Concurrent validity and reliability of a novel wireless inertial measurement system to assess trunk movement. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25:782-90.
67. Cutti AG, Giovanardi A, Rocchi L, Davalli A, Sacchetti R. Ambulatory measurement of shoulder and elbow kinematics through inertial and magnetic sensors. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2008;46:169-78.
68. Sato K, Sands WA, Stone MH. The reliability of accelerometry to measure weightlifting performance. Sports Biomech. 2012;11:524-31.
69. Avers D, Brown M. Daniels and Worthingham's muscle testing : techniques of manual examination and performance testing. 2019
70. 鄧捷, 阮彥鈞, 楊珈閣, 蔡詠竹, 龍柏蔓, 吳福連, et al. 大學生功能性動作檢測與Y字平衡測試對受傷之預測. 大專體育學刊. 2018;20:178-90.
71. Henoch Q, Dpt QH. Weightlifting movement assessment & optimization: mobility & stability for the snatch and clean & jerk. Catalyst Athletics, LLC; 2017
72. Shahidi B, Johnson CL, Curran-Everett D, Maluf KS. Reliability and group differences in quantitative cervicothoracic measures among individuals with and without chronic neck pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:215.
73. Lee JH, Cynn HS, Choi WJ, Jeong HJ, Yoon TL. Reliability of levator scapulae index in subjects with and without scapular downward rotation syndrome. Phys Ther Sport. 2016;19:1-6.
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