1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
4. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, WC1H 0PY London, United Kingdom
摘要：
泥河湾盆地发育着我国北方第四纪典型的河湖相沉积体系，因其间富集众多早-中更新世旧石器时代遗址为学术界所关注。本文对泥河湾盆地蔚县吉家庄遗址（JJZ-B和JJZ-E地点）的遗址成因进行分析。地貌和沉积物特点表明，JJZ-B地点埋藏于湖滨相环境的湿地或沼泽环境，JJZ-E地点则属于湖滨相环境下的沙坝沉积体系。遗物的多项指标（遗物空间分布特点、石制品风化磨蚀状况、石制品技术组合与空间产状特征等）分析显示，JJZ-B地点属于近原地埋藏，形成过程中受到微弱的入湖片流改造，遗址完整性较高；JJZ-E地点的遗物连同砾石被湖滨片流搬运至遗址堆积区，后期受到了湖水的淘洗作用，显示异地埋藏的特点。研究表明，泥河湾古湖在中更新世仍保留有丰富的古人类活动信息，湖滨不同部位对遗址成因产生重要影响；该研究对正确解读古人类对吉家庄遗址不同地点的利用方式具有重要意义。
Abstract:
Owing to low-energy hydraulic agents and fine-grained sediments, the fluvio-lacustrine basin proves to be ideal depositional system for preserving archaeological remains. The typical fluvio-lacustrine sediments in Nihewan Basin of North China are rich sources of Early to Middle Pleistocene archaeological sites, which offer an important opportunity to investigate human evolution and adaptive behaviors in East Asia. Comparing to the advances on the study of site formation processes of Lower Pleistocene sites have been handled in the basin, site formation focus on the Middle Pleistocene sites are yet to be carried out. In this paper, we present a site formation study of a newly discovered Middle Pleistocene archaeological site named Jijiazhuang site (JJZ) in Yuxian Basin (south part of Nihewan Basin). Two typical localities (JJZ-B and JJZ-E) are selected and geoarchaeological as well as archaeological factors are adopted for the site formation research. Through the analysis of geomorphology and deposits features, archaeological remains in JJZ-B were buried in marsh or swamp environment of lake margin deposits when the Nihewan old lake began retreating, while the archaeological sequence of JJZ-E probably belongs to the sand bar sedimentary face of lake margin environment. Multiple proxies from archaeological materials (artifacts spatial distribution, technological composition, weathering and abrasion condition, orientation as well as inclination) demonstrate that JJZ-B belongs to near primary context, the archaeological remains had been disturbed by low-energy sheet wash across the lake shore setting which provides effective information for exploring hominins technology and adaptive behaviors. Meanwhile, JJZ-E was preserved in secondary context where archaeological remains together with cobbles and pebbles were transported to accumulative area by relative high energetic hydraulic flow of lake wave and sheet wash, so that the locality witnessed low integrity of archaeological materials compared to JJZ-B. This study shows that the Nihewan Basin contains extensive information of archaeological remains of Middle Pleistocene. Formation processes of the different sites are strongly affected by the different settings in the archaeological landscape. Study on the site formation processes of JJZ site indicates that archaeological remains were in relative low density, and the formation processes varied from near primary context to secondary context. In addition, this study bears great significance on the study of the adaptive patterns of different localities of Jijiazhuang site complex by hominins during Middle Pleistocene.
Key words:
Site formation processes,
Lake shore environment,
Middle Pleistocene,
Jijiazhuang Paleolithic site,
Yuxian Basin
图1
吉家庄旧石器遗址地理位置及地貌图 a-b.蔚县盆地和吉家庄遗址地理位置Map showing the location of the Yuxian basin and Jijiazhuang site; c.吉家庄遗址及周边遗址地理位置Geomorphologic location of different site in the adjacent area of Jijiazhuang site；d. JJZ-B地点地貌景观Geomorphologic location of JJZ-B site；e. JJZ-E地点地貌景观Geomorphologic location of JJZ-E site(CJG-蔡家沟遗址；QSY-前上营遗址；JJZ-吉家庄遗址)
Fig.1
Geographic and geomorphologic location of Jijiazhuang Paleolithic site
图1
吉家庄旧石器遗址地理位置及地貌图 a-b.蔚县盆地和吉家庄遗址地理位置Map showing the location of the Yuxian basin and Jijiazhuang site; c.吉家庄遗址及周边遗址地理位置Geomorphologic location of different site in the adjacent area of Jijiazhuang site；d. JJZ-B地点地貌景观Geomorphologic location of JJZ-B site；e. JJZ-E地点地貌景观Geomorphologic location of JJZ-E site(CJG-蔡家沟遗址；QSY-前上营遗址；JJZ-吉家庄遗址)
Fig.1
Geographic and geomorphologic location of Jijiazhuang Paleolithic site
图2
JJZ-B和JJZ-E地点的地层剖面图 a.JJZ-B地点地层剖面图Stratigraphic section of JJZ-B；b.JJZ-B地点文化层沉积特征Sedimentary feature of cultural layer at JJZ-B；c.JJZ-E地点地层剖面图Stratigraphic section of JJZ-E；d.JJZ-E地点文化层沉积特征Sedimentary feature of cultural layer at JJZ-E
Fig.2
Stratigraphic profiles of JJZ-B and JJZ-E sites
图2
JJZ-B和JJZ-E地点的地层剖面图 a.JJZ-B地点地层剖面图Stratigraphic section of JJZ-B；b.JJZ-B地点文化层沉积特征Sedimentary feature of cultural layer at JJZ-B；c.JJZ-E地点地层剖面图Stratigraphic section of JJZ-E；d.JJZ-E地点文化层沉积特征Sedimentary feature of cultural layer at JJZ-E
Fig.2
Stratigraphic profiles of JJZ-B and JJZ-E sites
Tab.1
Percentage of the grain size analysis of stratigraphic profile and archaeological layer from JJZ-B site
|
粒度分级 size classes
|
遗址剖面 stratigraphic profile
|
文化层 archaeological layer
|
|
中粗砂以上large than granules (
d
≥0.25 mm)
|
2.65%
|
6.70%
|
|
细砂fine sand (0.25<
d
≤0.125 mm)
|
4.78%
|
16.10%
|
|
极细砂very fine sand (0.125<
d
≤0.063 mm)
|
16.85%
|
26.50%
|
|
粉砂silt (0.063<
d
≤0.002 mm)
|
75.20%
|
50.54%
|
|
黏土clay (
d
<0.002mm)
|
0.52%
|
0.16%
|
表1
JJZ-B地点地层剖面和文化层粒度占比分析
Tab.1
Percentage of the grain size analysis of stratigraphic profile and archaeological layer from JJZ-B site
|
粒度分级 size classes
|
遗址剖面 stratigraphic profile
|
文化层 archaeological layer
|
|
中粗砂以上large than granules (
d
≥0.25 mm)
|
2.65%
|
6.70%
|
|
细砂fine sand (0.25<
d
≤0.125 mm)
|
4.78%
|
16.10%
|
|
极细砂very fine sand (0.125<
d
≤0.063 mm)
|
16.85%
|
26.50%
|
|
粉砂silt (0.063<
d
≤0.002 mm)
|
75.20%
|
50.54%
|
|
黏土clay (
d
<0.002mm)
|
0.52%
|
0.16%
|
图4
JJZ-B、JJZ-E地点标本分布热力图、标本三维空间分布图，不同长度石制品空间分布图 a.JJZ-B标本空间分布热力图spatial distributions and k-densities of excavated remains of JJZ-B；b.JJZ-B标本三维空间分布图the 3D distributions of remains of JJZ-B；c.JJZ-B不同大小石制品空间分布图the spatial distributions in different size of lithics from JJZ-B；d.JJZ-E标本空间分布热力图spatial distributions and k-densities of excavated remains of JJZ-E；e.JJZ-E标本三维空间分布图the 3D distributions of remains of JJZ-E；f.JJZ-E不同大小石制品空间分布图the spatial distributions in different size of lithics from JJZ-E
Fig.4
Spatial distributions and k-densities of excavated remains, the 3D distributions of remains, the spatial distributions in different size of lithics from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
图4
JJZ-B、JJZ-E地点标本分布热力图、标本三维空间分布图，不同长度石制品空间分布图 a.JJZ-B标本空间分布热力图spatial distributions and k-densities of excavated remains of JJZ-B；b.JJZ-B标本三维空间分布图the 3D distributions of remains of JJZ-B；c.JJZ-B不同大小石制品空间分布图the spatial distributions in different size of lithics from JJZ-B；d.JJZ-E标本空间分布热力图spatial distributions and k-densities of excavated remains of JJZ-E；e.JJZ-E标本三维空间分布图the 3D distributions of remains of JJZ-E；f.JJZ-E不同大小石制品空间分布图the spatial distributions in different size of lithics from JJZ-E
Fig.4
Spatial distributions and k-densities of excavated remains, the 3D distributions of remains, the spatial distributions in different size of lithics from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
图5
JJZ-B、JJZ-E出土废片长度分布图，石质标本原料饼状图，石制品风化和磨蚀等级图 a.JJZ-B和JJZ-E出土废片长度分布图the size of debitage distribution pattern from JJZ-B and JJZ-E；b.JJZ-B和JJZ-E石质标本原料饼状图：A) JJZ-B石制品，B) JJZ-B非人工痕迹石料，C)JJZ-E石制品，D)JJZ-E非人工痕迹石料the raw materials of stone remains pie chart from JJZ-B and JJZ-E: A)lithics of JJZ-B, B)unmodified pieces of JJZ-B, C)lithics of JJZ-E, D)unmodified pieces of JJZ-E；c. JJZ-B和JJZ-E石制品风化等级图the weathering stages of lithics from JJZ-B and JJZ-E；d.JJZ-B和JJZ-E石制品磨蚀等级图the abrasion stages of lithics from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
Fig.5
The size of debitage distributions pattern, the raw materials of stone remains pie chart, the stages of weathering and abrasion of lithics from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
图5
JJZ-B、JJZ-E出土废片长度分布图，石质标本原料饼状图，石制品风化和磨蚀等级图 a.JJZ-B和JJZ-E出土废片长度分布图the size of debitage distribution pattern from JJZ-B and JJZ-E；b.JJZ-B和JJZ-E石质标本原料饼状图：A) JJZ-B石制品，B) JJZ-B非人工痕迹石料，C)JJZ-E石制品，D)JJZ-E非人工痕迹石料the raw materials of stone remains pie chart from JJZ-B and JJZ-E: A)lithics of JJZ-B, B)unmodified pieces of JJZ-B, C)lithics of JJZ-E, D)unmodified pieces of JJZ-E；c. JJZ-B和JJZ-E石制品风化等级图the weathering stages of lithics from JJZ-B and JJZ-E；d.JJZ-B和JJZ-E石制品磨蚀等级图the abrasion stages of lithics from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
Fig.5
The size of debitage distributions pattern, the raw materials of stone remains pie chart, the stages of weathering and abrasion of lithics from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
图6
JJZ-B、JJZ-E出土标本走向、倾向分布玫瑰图，倾角分布图 (a)和(b)分别表示JJZ-B地点和JJZ-E地点的出土标本走向、倾向分布玫瑰图、倾角分布图(a) and (b) rose diagrams separately showing orientation and inclination of remains, and the diagram showing the dip distribution of remains from JJZ-B and JJZ-E；A:石质标本走向orientation of stone materials (A1:石质标本长度size of stone materials, L<4 cm; A2:石质标本长度size of stone materials, L≥4 cm)；B:动物化石走向orientation of fossils；C:出土所有标本走向orientation of all remains；D:石质标本倾向inclination of stone materials (D1: 石质标本长度size of stone materials, L<4 cm，D2: 石质标本长度size of stone materials, L≥4 cm)；E:动物化石倾向inclination of fossils；F:出土所有标本倾向inclination of all remains；G:石质标本倾角dip distribution of stone materials；H:动物化石倾角dip distribution of fossils；I:出土所有标本倾角dip distributions of all remains.
Fig.6
Rose diagrams showing orientation and inclination of remains, and the diagram showing the dip distributions of remains from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
图6
JJZ-B、JJZ-E出土标本走向、倾向分布玫瑰图，倾角分布图 (a)和(b)分别表示JJZ-B地点和JJZ-E地点的出土标本走向、倾向分布玫瑰图、倾角分布图(a) and (b) rose diagrams separately showing orientation and inclination of remains, and the diagram showing the dip distribution of remains from JJZ-B and JJZ-E；A:石质标本走向orientation of stone materials (A1:石质标本长度size of stone materials, L<4 cm; A2:石质标本长度size of stone materials, L≥4 cm)；B:动物化石走向orientation of fossils；C:出土所有标本走向orientation of all remains；D:石质标本倾向inclination of stone materials (D1: 石质标本长度size of stone materials, L<4 cm，D2: 石质标本长度size of stone materials, L≥4 cm)；E:动物化石倾向inclination of fossils；F:出土所有标本倾向inclination of all remains；G:石质标本倾角dip distribution of stone materials；H:动物化石倾角dip distribution of fossils；I:出土所有标本倾角dip distributions of all remains.
Fig.6
Rose diagrams showing orientation and inclination of remains, and the diagram showing the dip distributions of remains from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
|
地点Site
|
类型Type
|
个数(
n
)
|
长度
L
(mm)
|
质量
m
(g)
|
|
L
min
|
L
max
|
平均
L
(average)
|
m
min
|
m
max
|
平均
m
(average)
|
总质量
m
(Total)
|
|
JJZ-B
|
石制品
|
162
|
11
|
98
|
37.1
|
0.4
|
590
|
31.6
|
5116.4
|
|
|
砾石
|
62
|
7.2
|
121.6
|
32
|
0.2
|
769
|
36.9
|
2290.4
|
|
|
岩块
|
15
|
18
|
85
|
39.3
|
1
|
100
|
24.9
|
373
|
|
JJZ-E
|
石制品
|
59
|
6.2
|
102
|
39.7
|
0.1
|
885
|
51.5
|
2989.4
|
|
|
砾石
|
355
|
5.9
|
68.9
|
14.8
|
0.1
|
99.6
|
2.4
|
836.5
|
|
|
岩块
|
9
|
13
|
62.3
|
27.6
|
0.9
|
101.8
|
15.4
|
138.9
|
表2
JJZ-B和JJZ-E地点石质标本长度和质量统计表
Tab.2
Size and weight of stone materials from JJZ-B and JJZ-E sites
|
地点Site
|
类型Type
|
个数(
n
)
|
长度
L
(mm)
|
质量
m
(g)
|
|
L
min
|
L
max
|
平均
L
(average)
|
m
min
|
m
max
|
平均
m
(average)
|
总质量
m
(Total)
|
|
JJZ-B
|
石制品
|
162
|
11
|
98
|
37.1
|
0.4
|
590
|
31.6
|
5116.4
|
|
|
砾石
|
62
|
7.2
|
121.6
|
32
|
0.2
|
769
|
36.9
|
2290.4
|
|
|
岩块
|
15
|
18
|
85
|
39.3
|
1
|
100
|
24.9
|
373
|
|
JJZ-E
|
石制品
|
59
|
6.2
|
102
|
39.7
|
0.1
|
885
|
51.5
|
2989.4
|
|
|
砾石
|
355
|
5.9
|
68.9
|
14.8
|
0.1
|
99.6
|
2.4
|
836.5
|
|
|
岩块
|
9
|
13
|
62.3
|
27.6
|
0.9
|
101.8
|
15.4
|
138.9
|
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