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node--type-article node--promoted node--view-mode-idea" data-terms-tags="5575 1334 26 405 802 10851 4680" data-terms-univers="5575 1334" data-countries="Singapore" data-letter="X" data-nid="581"><div class="node__content"><div class="header-node-content"><p class="section-text is-arrow text-white"><span>观点</span></p><h1 class="title article-title">新加坡悖论：女性回避数学相关职业</h1><div class="section-text field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">在新加坡的几所大学里，学习数学课程的基本都是女生，但她们毕业后却很少会选择留在这一领域。这是为什么？事实证明，信心是其中的关键因素。</div><div class="content-date-wrapper"><div class="created-time"><span>9 January 2023</span></div></div></div><div class="main-node-content"><div class="content-narrow"><div class="media-wrapper"><div class="media-image field field--name-field-ref-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-medium"><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/article/2022-12/COU_01_23_WA_SINGAPOURE_WEBSITE_SOCIALS.jpg.webp?itok=UKKDouME 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp" width="610" height="426"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_tablet/article/2022-12/COU_01_23_WA_SINGAPOURE_WEBSITE_SOCIALS.jpg.webp?itok=hDZlNBqp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp" width="700" height="489"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_mobile/article/2022-12/COU_01_23_WA_SINGAPOURE_WEBSITE_SOCIALS.jpg.webp?itok=EtOC39KX 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp" width="327" height="228"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/article/2022-12/COU_01_23_WA_SINGAPOURE_WEBSITE_SOCIALS.jpg?itok=UKKDouME 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg" width="610" height="426"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_tablet/article/2022-12/COU_01_23_WA_SINGAPOURE_WEBSITE_SOCIALS.jpg?itok=hDZlNBqp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg" width="700" height="489"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_mobile/article/2022-12/COU_01_23_WA_SINGAPOURE_WEBSITE_SOCIALS.jpg?itok=EtOC39KX 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg" width="327" height="228"/> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/article/2022-12/COU_01_23_WA_SINGAPOURE_WEBSITE_SOCIALS.jpg?itok=UKKDouME" width="610" height="426" alt="COU_2023_1_SINGAPOURE_WIDE_ANGLE"/> </picture></div> </article></div><div class="media-footer"><div class="media-copyright">© Sylvie Serprix</div></div></div><div class="field field--name-field-paragraphs field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"><div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>雷切尔·吉纳维夫·谢（Rachel Genevieve Chia）</p><p>新加坡记者</p><p> </p><p>对乔尔·林（Joelle Lim）来说，一旦在工作中表现不佳，她的负担症候群便有可能发作。每当这时，这位27岁的密码学家就会想到身边的男性对于女性同事的贬损——她们得到这份工作不是靠自身实力，而是得益于平权行动。</p><p>乔尔·林从事的数学研究有助于保卫这个将近590万人口的东南亚岛国。在新加坡，和她一样就职于科学、技术、工程和数学（STEM）领域的女性人数不多，但正在慢慢增加。</p><p>为了缓解上述领域女性人才的流失，这个城市国家正在努力消除导致女性离职的多种原因——例如阻碍晋升的无形天花板和不够充分的育儿支持，争取把女性留在STEM职业领域。但乔尔·林的经历表明，还存在一个不那么明显的隐性障碍：缺乏信心。</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="数字游戏" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>数字游戏</h2></div><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>南洋理工大学（NTU）的<a href="https://www.ntu.edu.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/powers/2022-ntu_powers_closingthestemgendergapinsingapore.pdf?sfvrsn=8ddf5be1_9/%202022-NTU_POWERS_ClosingTheSTEMGenderGapInSingapore.pdf">一项最新研究</a>发现，与男性相比，新加坡女性对自己的数学能力明显缺乏信心。考虑到该国男女学生的数学成绩旗鼓相当，这个现象让研究人员非常惊讶。</p><p>众所周知，新加坡数学课程培养出的学生（无论性别）在国际学生评估项目（PISA）等全球性测试中始终名列前茅。新加坡教育部的一位发言人表示，数学教科书和学习材料都经过精心挑选，避免出现性别成见。</p><p>有人甚至会说，新加坡女生的成绩要优于男生。<a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1NheHzY6JnqaChfeq7hTyiNuORTJYhHMQjD60pCDHpXQ/edit?usp=sharing">政府数据</a>显示，2005至 2020 年，攻读自然科学、物理和数学等课程的大学女性毕业生人数一直多于男性，参加毕业典礼的女生比例平均为62%。</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph-border paragraph paragraph--type--quote paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="row"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>在受过科学、技术、工程和数学教育的女性当中，有将近一半人的工作与这段教育经历无关。</p></div></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>但在就业时，这种领先优势似乎消失了。正如南洋理工大学研究论文的作者、生物工程学副教授西林·林（Sierin Lim）所说，从事STEM 职业的女性比例极低。她的研究结果表明，在受过STEM教育的女性当中，有将近一半人的工作与这段教育经历无关。新加坡人力部的数据显示，截至 2020 年，女性仅占STEM领域从业者的三分之一。</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="信心受挫" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>信心受挫</h2></div><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p> </p><p>新加坡管理大学（SMU）心理学教授郑纪莹（Cheng Chi-Ying）正在跟踪研究信息系统和计算机科学专业本科女生的信心水平。她的中期研究结果发人深省。首先，女生的自信程度从第一学期开始就低于男生，而且随着时间的推移，她们的信心越来越不足。</p><p>郑纪莹将矛头指向了性别成见：“业界认为理想的STEM专业人士应该是男性，所以女性必须花费更多精力去设法适应这个行业。”</p><p>我们可以从许多方面观察到这种压力，例如女性在举手投足间表现得更加坚定果断，保持坚忍的表象，避免让自己显得情感用事。郑纪莹教授认为：“女生正在努力调和自己的专业身份和性别认同，但不少人没能做到这一点。”</p><p>但是如果到了大学层面再着手解决这些问题，就太晚了。新加坡妇女联合会是一个致力于推动性别平等的非营利性组织，会长陈俐仙（Georgette Tan）指出，可以转变人们对于STEM 的性别观念的窗口期在14至15岁左右就会关闭，“女孩们告诉我们，家长会鼓励家里的男孩从事STEM工作，对于女孩则少有这方面的激励。一些家长仍然认为 STEM工作不适合女性。文化观念方面的问题始终存在。”</p><p>为促进观念的转变，新加坡妇女联合会自2014年以来开展了一项计划，已有约 26000 名10至16岁女孩参与其中。陈俐仙会长说：“我们希望那些家长明白，他们的女儿能够在STEM领域取得优异的成绩，找到一份好工作，获得可观的收入。”</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="榜样力量" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>榜样力量</h2></div><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>消除先入为主的观念十分有助于重振信心。解决这个问题的第二步是树立榜样，让女性可以据此证明，她们有办法获得理想中的职业成就。陈俐仙肯定地说：“女孩们正在寻找导师，她们希望可以将某人视作自己的偶像和奋斗的目标。”</p><p>为此，新加坡妇女联合会去年在STEM计划中增加了导师制内容。陈俐仙会长和她的团队正在安排实习机会，并指导女孩们对这些机会加以利用，比如从中学习会议筹备等技能。她解释说：“这些女孩就职后，必须迅速进入角色。各方本应该帮助她们为第一份工作做好准备，但当前社会并未对此予以充分重视。”</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph-border paragraph paragraph--type--quote paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="row"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>近年来，协助女性顺利进入STEM领域的举措犹如雨后春笋般不断涌现。</p></div></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>此外，南洋理工大学也计划帮助STEM专业的学生与行业导师建立联系，并举办讲习班，讲授沟通和自我管理等软技能，助力学生“增强韧性”。</p><p>与此同时，新加坡教育部计划在2023年推出工程和技术奖学金计划，科学和数学基础扎实的大学预科生可以通过这项计划尽早获得工作经验。</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="多种可能性" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>多种可能性</h2></div><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>尽管女性在数学领域可以大有作为，但钟情纯数学（而非应用数学）的人可能会发现，有限的职业前景构成了又一重障碍。</p><p>纽约大学数学实务助理教授查梅因·希雅（Charmaine Sia）说：“当年的情况是，先读完学士学位课程，然后嘛，看看再说吧。”这位35岁的新加坡人还记得，在2006年，她找不到任何一个奖学金申请通道，可以让她赴海外攻读纯数学博士学位，且毕业后留在当地以此为职业。她认为这种情况现在已经有了变化。这位艾丽丝·谢弗（Alice T. Schafer）数学奖得主还补充说：“谁能想到，华尔街的公司正在抢着招聘数学和计算机科学专业的毕业生？”</p><p>作为数学基础的计算能力有着极强的可转移性，这意味着相关学位持有者可以有多种职业选择，特别是在金融领域。</p><p>新加坡任仕达公司总经理贾亚·达斯（Jaya Dass）透露，这家招聘代理机构在过去六个月里为15名具有数学教育背景的女性安排了工作，其中一半在金融领域，她补充说：“这些女性拥有数学资格证书，但她们开始想，可不可以通过更令人兴奋的方式来发挥自己的资历呢？”</p><p>这样的职业转变已经存在了几十年，安吉丽娜·陈（Angeline Tan）就是其中一例。现年54岁的安吉丽娜·陈是新加坡一家金融咨询公司的金融服务主管，持有数学和物理双学位，她曾从事教学工作，因工作时间过长在1995年选择了转业。这并非由于缺乏信心，她说：“我不害怕数字，这种能力给了我自信”。</p><p>学数学的女性进入其他领域，这或许是不可避免的。目前科技行业炙手可热，数据、软件和人工智能领域的热门职业吸引着大量人才。</p><p>例如，杰米·林（Jamie Lim）希望两年后进入大学攻读计算机科学。她说：“职业道路有待进一步细分，但我肯定会继续研究数学。”她现在17岁，就读于新加坡国立大学附属数理中学，曾经作为国家代表参加地区数学和信息学奥林匹克竞赛。她对自己的能力很有信心，也为那些已经取得资历但最终离开数学相关职业的女性感到遗憾：“毕竟，她们坚持了这么久，却没有继续走下去。我想如果是为了自己真正喜欢和希望做的事，我不会轻易放弃。不过这也很难说得准，毕竟我还没有走到那一步。”</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph-border paragraph paragraph--type--quick-link paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Read more</div><div class="field 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