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- If expressions
- Case expressions
- Enumeration Representation Clauses
- Data Representation
- Record Representation and storage clauses
- Changing Data Representation
- Valid Attribute
- Unchecked Union
- Shared variable control
- Addresses
- Discarding names
-
Records
- Default Initialization
- Mutually dependent types
- Null records
- Record discriminants
- Per-Object Expressions
-
Aggregates
- Container Aggregates
- Record aggregates
- Full coverage rules for Aggregates
- Array aggregates
- Extension Aggregates
- Delta Aggregates
-
Arrays
- Unconstrained Arrays
- Multidimensional Arrays
-
Strings
- Wide and Wide-Wide Strings
- String Encoding
- Image attribute
-
Put_Imageaspect - Universal text buffer
-
Numerics
- Modular Types
- Numeric Literals
- Floating-Point Types
- Fixed-Point Types
- Big Numbers
- Design strategies for access types
- Access to subprograms
- Accessibility Rules and Access-To-Subprograms
- Access and Address
-
Anonymous Access Types
- Named and Anonymous Access Types
- Anonymous Access-To-Object Types
- Access discriminants
- Self-reference
- Mutually dependent types using anonymous access types
- Access parameters
- User-Defined References
- Anonymous Access Types and Accessibility Rules
- Anonymous Access-To-Subprograms
- Accessibility Rules and Anonymous Access-To-Subprograms
-
Limited Types
- Assignment and equality
- Limited private types
- Explicitly limited types
- Subtypes of Limited Types
- Deriving from limited types
- Immutably Limited Types
- Limited Types with Discriminants
- Record components of limited type
- Limited types and aggregates
- Constructor functions for limited types
- Return objects
- Building objects from constructors
- Limited types as parameter
-
Controlled Types
- Overview
- Initialization
- Assignment
- Finalization
- Controlled Types and Exception Handling
- Applications of Controlled Types
-
Debugging Failed Proof Attempts
- Debugging Errors in Code or Specification
- Debugging Cases where more Information is Required
- Debugging Prover Limitations
-
Code Examples / Pitfalls
- Example #1
- Example #2
- Example #3
- Example #4
- Example #5
- Example #6
- Example #7
- Example #8
- Example #9
- Example #10
- Separation Principle
- Guaranteed Level of Support
- Querying Implementation Limits and Characteristics
- Querying Representation Choices
- Specifying Representation
- Unchecked Programming
- Data Validity
-
Multi-Language Development
-
General Interfacing
- Aspect/Pragma Convention
- Aspect/Pragma Import and Export
- Aspect/Pragma External_Name and Link_Name
- Package Interfaces
-
Language-Specific Interfacing
- Package Interfaces.C
- Package Interfaces.C.Strings
- Package Interfaces.C.Pointers
- Package Interfaces.Fortran
- Machine Code Insertions (MCI)
- When Ada Is Not the Main Language
-
Interacting with Devices
- Non-Memory-Mapped Devices
- Memory-Mapped Devices
- Dynamic Address Conversion
- Address Arithmetic
-
General-Purpose Code Generators
-
Aspect
Independent -
Aspect
Volatile -
Aspect
Atomic -
Aspect
Full_Access_Only -
Handling Interrupts
- Background
- Language-Defined Interrupt Model
- Interrupt Handlers
- Interrupt Management
- Associating Handlers With Interrupts
- Interrupt Priorities
-
Common Design Idioms
- Parameterizing Handlers
- Multi-Level Handlers
- Final Points
- Conclusion
-
What's New in Ada 2022
-
Introduction
- References
-
' Imageattribute for any type-
' Imageattribute for a value -
' Imageattribute for any type - References
-
Redefining the
' Imageattribute- What's the Root_Buffer_Type?
- Outdated draft implementation
- References
-
User-Defined Literals
- Turn Ada into JavaScript
- References
-
Advanced Array Aggregates
- Square brackets
- Iterated Component Association
- References
-
Container Aggregates
- References
-
Delta Aggregates
- Delta aggregate for records
- Delta aggregate for arrays
- References
-
Target Name Symbol (@)
- Alternatives
- References
-
Enumeration representation
- Literal positions
- Representation values
- Before Ada 2022
- References
-
Big Numbers
- Big Integers
- Tiny RSA implementation
- Big Reals
- References
-
Interfacing C variadic functions
- References
- Compilation Unit Structure
-
Statements, Declarations, and Control Structures
- Statements and Declarations
- Conditions
- Loops
-
Type System
- Strong Typing
- Language-Defined Types
- Application-Defined Types
- Type Ranges
- Generalized Type Contracts: Subtype Predicates
- Attributes
- Arrays and Strings
- Heterogeneous Data Structures
- Pointers
-
Functions and Procedures
- General Form
- Overloading
- Subprogram Contracts
-
Packages
- Declaration Protection
- Hierarchical Packages
- Using Entities from Packages
-
Classes and Object Oriented Programming
- Primitive Subprograms
- Derivation and Dynamic Dispatch
- Constructors and Destructors
- Encapsulation
- Abstract Types and Interfaces
- Invariants
-
Generics
- Generic Subprograms
- Generic Packages
- Generic Parameters
-
Exceptions
- Standard Exceptions
- Custom Exceptions
-
Concurrency
- Tasks
- Rendezvous
- Selective Rendezvous
- Protected Objects
-
Low Level Programming
- Representation Clauses
- Embedded Assembly Code
- Interfacing with C
- Conclusion
- References
-
Ada for the Embedded C Developer
-
Introduction
- So, what is this Ada thing anyway?
- Ada — The Technical Details
-
The C Developer's Perspective
- What we mean by Embedded Software
- The GNAT Toolchain
- The GNAT Toolchain for Embedded Targets
- Hello World in Ada
- The Ada Syntax
- Compilation Unit Structure
-
Packages
- Declaration Protection
- Hierarchical Packages
- Using Entities from Packages
- Statements and Declarations
- Conditions
- Loops
-
Type System
- Strong Typing
- Language-Defined Types
- Application-Defined Types
- Type Ranges
- Unsigned And Modular Types
- Attributes
- Arrays and Strings
- Heterogeneous Data Structures
- Pointers
-
Functions and Procedures
- General Form
- Overloading
- Aspects
-
Enhancing Verification with SPARK and Ada
- Understanding Exceptions and Dynamic Checks
- Understanding Dynamic Checks versus Formal Proof
- Initialization and Correct Data Flow
- Contract-Based Programming
- Replacing Defensive Code
- Proving Absence of Run-Time Errors
- Proving Abstract Properties
- Final Comments
-
C to Ada Translation Patterns
- Naming conventions and casing considerations
- Manually interfacing C and Ada
- Building and Debugging mixed language code
- Automatic interfacing
- Using Arrays in C interfaces
- By-value vs. by-reference types
- Naming and prefixes
- Pointers
- Bitwise Operations
-
Mapping Structures to Bit-Fields
- Overlays vs. Unchecked Conversions
-
Handling Variability and Re-usability
- Understanding static and dynamic variability
-
Handling variability & reusability statically
- Genericity
- Simple derivation
- Configuration pragma files
- Configuration packages
-
Handling variability & reusability dynamically
- Records with discriminants
- Variant records
- Object orientation
- Pointer to subprograms
- Design by components using dynamic libraries
-
Performance Considerations
- Overall expectations
-
Switches and optimizations
- Optimizations levels
- Inlining
-
Checks and assertions
- Checks
- Assertions
- Dynamic vs. static structures
-
Pointers vs. data copies
- Function returns
-
Argumentation and Business Perspectives
- What's the expected ROI of a C to Ada transition?
- Who is using Ada today?
- What is the future of the Ada technology?
- Is the Ada toolset complete?
- Where can I find Ada or SPARK developers?
- How to introduce Ada and SPARK in an existing code base?
- Conclusion
-
Hands-On: Object-Oriented Programming
- System Overview
-
Non Object-Oriented Approach
- Starting point in C
- Initial translation to Ada
- Improved Ada implementation
-
First Object-Oriented Approach
- Interfaces
- Base type
- Derived types
- Subprograms from parent
- Type AB
- Updated source-code
-
Further Improvements
- Dispatching calls
- Dynamic allocation
- Limited controlled types
- Updated source-code
-
Enforcing Basic Program Consistency
- Taming Text-Based Inclusion
- Hardening Link-Time Checking
- Going Towards Encapsulation
-
Enforcing Basic Syntactic Guarantees
- Distinguishing Code and Comments
-
Specially Handling Function Parameters and Result
- Handling the Result of Function Calls
- Handling Function Parameters
-
Ensuring Control Structures Are Not Abused
- Preventing the Semicolon Mistake
- Avoiding Complex Switch Statements
- Avoiding Complex Loops
- Avoiding the Dangling Else Issue
-
Enforcing Strong Typing for Pointers
- Pointers Are Not Addresses
- Pointers Are Not References
- Pointers Are Not Arrays
- Pointers Should Be Typed
-
Enforcing Strong Typing for Scalars
- Restricting Operations on Types
- Restricting Explicit Conversions
- Restricting Implicit Conversions
-
Initializing Data Before Use
- Detecting Reads of Uninitialized Data
- Detecting Partial or Redundant Initialization of Arrays and Structures
-
Controlling Side Effects
- Preventing Undefined Behavior
- Reducing Programmer Confusion
- Side Effects and SPARK
-
Detecting Undefined Behavior
- Preventing Undefined Behavior in SPARK
- Proof of Absence of Run-Time Errors in SPARK
- Detecting Unreachable Code and Dead Code
- Conclusion
-
References
- About MISRA C
- About SPARK
- About MISRA C and SPARK
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Traditional Static Allocation Policy (DYN02)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Access Types Without Allocators Policy (DYN03)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Minimal Dynamic Allocation Policy (DYN04)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
User-Defined Storage Pools Policy (DYN05)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Statically Determine Maximum Stack Requirements (DYN06)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Only Reclaim Allocated Storage (RCL02)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Only Reclaim To The Same Pool (RCL03)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Use the Jorvik Profile (CON02)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Avoid Shared Variables for Inter-task Communication (CON03)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
No Enumeration Ranges in Case Constructs (RPP02)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Limited Use of "others" In Aggregates (RPP03)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
No Unassigned Mode-Out Procedure Parameters (RPP04)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
No Use of "others" in Exception Handlers (RPP05)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Avoid Function Side-Effects (RPP06)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Functions Only Have Mode "in" (RPP07)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Limit Parameter Aliasing (RPP08)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Use Precondition and Postcondition Contracts (RPP09)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Do Not Re-Verify Preconditions In Subprogram Bodies (RPP10)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Always Use the Result of Function Calls (RPP11)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
No Recursion (RPP12)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
No Reuse of Standard Typemarks (RPP13)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Use Symbolic Constants For Literal Values (RPP14)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
No Unhandled Application-Defined Exceptions (EXU02)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
No Exception Propagation Beyond Name Visibility (EXU03)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Prove Absence of Run-time Exceptions (EXU04)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Static Dispatching Only Policy (OOP02)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Limit Inheritance Hierarchy Depth (OOP03)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Limit Statically-Dispatched Calls To Primitive Operations (OOP04)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Use Explicit Overriding Annotations (OOP05)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Use Class-wide Pre/Post Contracts (OOP06)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Ensure Local Type Consistency (OOP07)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Enable Optional Warnings and Treat As Errors (SWE02)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Use A Static Analysis Tool Extensively (SWE03)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
-
Hide Implementation Artifacts (SWE04)
- Reference
- Description
- Applicable Vulnerability within ISO TR 24772-2
- Applicable Common Weakness Enumeration
- Noncompliant Code Example
- Compliant Code Example
- Notes
- Pythagorean Theorem: Predicate
- Pythagorean Theorem: Precondition
- Pythagorean Theorem: Postcondition
- Pythagorean Theorem: Type Invariant
- Primary Color
-
Object Oriented Programming
- Simple type extension
- Online Store
-
Standard Library: Containers
- Simple todo list
- List of unique integers
-
Standard Library: Dates & Times
- Holocene calendar
- List of events
-
Standard Library: Strings
- Concatenation
- List of events
-
Standard Library: Numerics
- Decibel Factor
- Root-Mean-Square
- Rotation
-
Solutions
-
Imperative Language
- Hello World
- Greetings
- Positive Or Negative
- Numbers
-
Subprograms
- Subtract Procedure
- Subtract Function
- Equality function
- States
- States #2
- States #3
- States #4
-
Modular Programming
- Months
- Operations
-
Strongly typed language
- Colors
- Integers
- Temperatures
-
Records
- Directions
- Colors
- Inventory
-
Arrays
- Constrained Array
- Colors: Lookup-Table
- Unconstrained Array
- Product info
- String_10
- List of Names
- More About Types
-
Imperative Language
-
Introduction
-
-
Introduction
-
Aspect
-
General Interfacing