:
执行以上程序输出结果如下:
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:17 2009
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:19 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:19 2009
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:21 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:23 2009
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:23 2009
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:25 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:27 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:31 2009
Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:35 2009
线程的结束一般依靠线程函数的自然结束;也可以在线程函数中调用thread.exit(),他抛出SystemExit exception,达到退出线程的目的。
Python通过两个标准库thread和threading提供对线程的支持。thread提供了低级别的、原始的线程以及一个简单的锁。
threading 模块提供的其他方法:
threading.currentThread(): 返回当前的线程变量。
threading.enumerate(): 返回一个包含正在运行的线程的list。正在运行指线程启动后、结束前,不包括启动前和终止后的线程。
threading.activeCount(): 返回正在运行的线程数量,与len(threading.enumerate())有相同的结果。
除了使用方法外,线程模块同样提供了Thread类来处理线程,Thread类提供了以下方法:
run():
用以表示线程活动的方法。
start():
启动线程活动。
join([time]):
等待至线程中止。这阻塞调用线程直至线程的join() 方法被调用中止-正常退出或者抛出未处理的异常-或者是可选的超时发生。
isAlive():
返回线程是否活动的。
getName():
返回线程名。
setName():
设置线程名。
使用Threading模块创建线程
使用Threading模块创建线程,直接从threading.Thread继承,然后重写__init__方法和run方法:
实例(Python 2.0+)
import
threading
import
time
exitFlag
=
0
class
myThread
(
threading
.
Thread
)
:
def
__init__
(
self
,
threadID
,
name
,
counter
)
:
threading
.
Thread
.
__init__
(
self
)
self
.
threadID
=
threadID
self
.
name
=
name
self
.
counter
=
counter
def
run
(
self
)
:
print
"
Starting
"
+
self
.
name
print_time
(
self
.
name
,
self
.
counter
,
5
)
print
"
Exiting
"
+
self
.
name
def
print_time
(
threadName
,
delay
,
counter
)
:
while
counter
:
if
exitFlag
:
(
threading
.
Thread
)
.
exit
(
)
time
.
sleep
(
delay
)
print
"
%s: %s
"
%
(
threadName
,
time
.
ctime
(
time
.
time
(
)
)
)
counter
-=
1
thread1
=
myThread
(
1
,
"
Thread-1
"
,
1
)
thread2
=
myThread
(
2
,
"
Thread-2
"
,
2
)
thread1
.
start
(
)
thread2
.
start
(
)
print
"
Exiting Main Thread
"
以上程序执行结果如下;
Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Exiting Main Thread
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:03 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:05 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:07 2013
Exiting Thread-1
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:08 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:10 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:12 2013
Exiting Thread-2
如果多个线程共同对某个数据修改,则可能出现不可预料的结果,为了保证数据的正确性,需要对多个线程进行同步。
使用Thread对象的Lock和Rlock可以实现简单的线程同步,这两个对象都有acquire方法和release方法,对于那些需要每次只允许一个线程操作的数据,可以将其操作放到acquire和release方法之间。如下:
多线程的优势在于可以同时运行多个任务(至少感觉起来是这样)。但是当线程需要共享数据时,可能存在数据不同步的问题。
考虑这样一种情况:一个列表里所有元素都是0,线程"set"从后向前把所有元素改成1,而线程"print"负责从前往后读取列表并打印。
那么,可能线程"set"开始改的时候,线程"print"便来打印列表了,输出就成了一半0一半1,这就是数据的不同步。为了避免这种情况,引入了锁的概念。
锁有两种状态——锁定和未锁定。每当一个线程比如"set"要访问共享数据时,必须先获得锁定;如果已经有别的线程比如"print"获得锁定了,那么就让线程"set"暂停,也就是同步阻塞;等到线程"print"访问完毕,释放锁以后,再让线程"set"继续。
经过这样的处理,打印列表时要么全部输出0,要么全部输出1,不会再出现一半0一半1的尴尬场面。
实例(Python 2.0+)
import
threading
import
time
class
myThread
(
threading
.
Thread
)
:
def
__init__
(
self
,
threadID
,
name
,
counter
)
:
threading
.
Thread
.
__init__
(
self
)
self
.
threadID
=
threadID
self
.
name
=
name
self
.
counter
=
counter
def
run
(
self
)
:
print
"
Starting
"
+
self
.
name
threadLock
.
acquire
(
)
print_time
(
self
.
name
,
self
.
counter
,
3
)
threadLock
.
release
(
)
def
print_time
(
threadName
,
delay
,
counter
)
:
while
counter
:
time
.
sleep
(
delay
)
print
"
%s: %s
"
%
(
threadName
,
time
.
ctime
(
time
.
time
(
)
)
)
counter
-=
1
threadLock
=
threading
.
Lock
(
)
threads
=
[
]
thread1
=
myThread
(
1
,
"
Thread-1
"
,
1
)
thread2
=
myThread
(
2
,
"
Thread-2
"
,
2
)
thread1
.
start
(
)
thread2
.
start
(
)
threads
.
append
(
thread1
)
threads
.
append
(
thread2
)
for
t
in
threads
:
t
.
join
(
)
print
"
Exiting Main Thread
"
线程优先级队列( Queue)
Python的Queue模块中提供了同步的、线程安全的队列类,包括FIFO(先入先出)队列Queue,LIFO(后入先出)队列LifoQueue,和优先级队列PriorityQueue。这些队列都实现了锁原语,能够在多线程中直接使用。可以使用队列来实现线程间的同步。
Queue模块中的常用方法:
Queue.qsize() 返回队列的大小
Queue.empty() 如果队列为空,返回True,反之False
Queue.full() 如果队列满了,返回True,反之False
Queue.full 与 maxsize 大小对应
Queue.get([block[, timeout]])获取队列,timeout等待时间
Queue.get_nowait() 相当Queue.get(False)
Queue.put(item, block=True, timeout=None) 写入队列,timeout等待时间
Queue.put_nowait(item) 相当 Queue.put(item, False)
Queue.task_done() 在完成一项工作之后,Queue.task_done()函数向任务已经完成的队列发送一个信号
Queue.join() 实际上意味着等到队列为空,再执行别的操作
实例(Python 2.0+)
import
Queue
import
threading
import
time
exitFlag
=
0
class
myThread
(
threading
.
Thread
)
:
def
__init__
(
self
,
threadID
,
name
,
q
)
:
threading
.
Thread
.
__init__
(
self
)
self
.
threadID
=
threadID
self
.
name
=
name
self
.
q
=
q
def
run
(
self
)
:
print
"
Starting
"
+
self
.
name
process_data
(
self
.
name
,
self
.
q
)
print
"
Exiting
"
+
self
.
name
def
process_data
(
threadName
,
q
)
:
while
not
exitFlag
:
queueLock
.
acquire
(
)
if
not
workQueue
.
empty
(
)
:
data
=
q
.
get
(
)
queueLock
.
release
(
)
print
"
%s processing %s
"
%
(
threadName
,
data
)
else
:
queueLock
.
release
(
)
time
.
sleep
(
1
)
threadList
=
[
"
Thread-1
"
,
"
Thread-2
"
,
"
Thread-3
"
]
nameList
=
[
"
One
"
,
"
Two
"
,
"
Three
"
,
"
Four
"
,
"
Five
"
]
queueLock
=
threading
.
Lock
(
)
workQueue
=
Queue
.
Queue
(
10
)
threads
=
[
]
threadID
=
1
for
tName
in
threadList
:
thread
=
myThread
(
threadID
,
tName
,
workQueue
)
thread
.
start
(
)
threads
.
append
(
thread
)
threadID
+=
1
queueLock
.
acquire
(
)
for
word
in
nameList
:
workQueue
.
put
(
word
)
queueLock
.
release
(
)
while
not
workQueue
.
empty
(
)
:
exitFlag
=
1
for
t
in
threads
:
t
.
join
(
)
print
"
Exiting Main Thread
"
以上程序执行结果:
Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Starting Thread-3
Thread-1 processing One
Thread-2 processing Two
Thread-3 processing Three
Thread-1 processing Four
Thread-2 processing Five
Exiting Thread-3
Exiting Thread-1
Exiting Thread-2
Exiting Main Thread
list = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
class myThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self,threadId,name,counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadId = threadId
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print "开始线程:",self.name
# 获得锁,成功获得锁定后返回 True
# 可选的timeout参数不填时将一直阻塞直到获得锁定
# 否则超时后将返回 False
threadLock.acquire()
print_time(self.name,self.counter,list.__len__())
# 释放锁
threadLock.release()
def __del__(self):
print self.name,"线程结束!"
def print_time(threadName,delay,counter):
while counter:
time.sleep(delay)
list[counter-1] += 1
print "[%s] %s 修改第 %d 个值,修改后值为:%d" % (time.ctime(time.time()),threadName,counter,list[counter-1])
counter -= 1
threadLock = threading.Lock()
threads = []
# 创建新线程
thread1 = myThread(1,"Thread-1",1)
thread2 = myThread(2,"Thread-2",2)
# 开启新线程
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
# 添加线程到线程列表
threads.append(thread1)
threads.append(thread2)
# 等待所有线程完成
for t in threads:
t.join()
print "主进程结束!"
输出结果为:
开始线程: Thread-1
开始线程: Thread-2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:13 2018] Thread-1 修改第 12 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:14 2018] Thread-1 修改第 11 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:15 2018] Thread-1 修改第 10 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:16 2018] Thread-1 修改第 9 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:17 2018] Thread-1 修改第 8 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:18 2018] Thread-1 修改第 7 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:19 2018] Thread-1 修改第 6 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:20 2018] Thread-1 修改第 5 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:21 2018] Thread-1 修改第 4 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:22 2018] Thread-1 修改第 3 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:23 2018] Thread-1 修改第 2 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:24 2018] Thread-1 修改第 1 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:26 2018] Thread-2 修改第 12 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:28 2018] Thread-2 修改第 11 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:30 2018] Thread-2 修改第 10 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:32 2018] Thread-2 修改第 9 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:34 2018] Thread-2 修改第 8 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:36 2018] Thread-2 修改第 7 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:38 2018] Thread-2 修改第 6 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:40 2018] Thread-2 修改第 5 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:42 2018] Thread-2 修改第 4 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:44 2018] Thread-2 修改第 3 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:46 2018] Thread-2 修改第 2 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:04:48 2018] Thread-2 修改第 1 个值,修改后值为:2
主进程结束!
Thread-1 线程结束!
Thread-2 线程结束!
不加锁时
同样是上面实例的代码,注释以下两行代码:
threadLock.acquire()
threadLock.release()
输出结果为:
开始线程: Thread-2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:20 2018] Thread-1 修改第 12 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:21 2018] Thread-2 修改第 12 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:21 2018] Thread-1 修改第 11 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:22 2018] Thread-1 修改第 10 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:23 2018] Thread-1 修改第 9 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:23 2018] Thread-2 修改第 11 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:24 2018] Thread-1 修改第 8 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:25 2018] Thread-2 修改第 10 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:25 2018] Thread-1 修改第 7 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:26 2018] Thread-1 修改第 6 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:27 2018] Thread-2 修改第 9 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:27 2018] Thread-1 修改第 5 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:28 2018] Thread-1 修改第 4 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:29 2018] Thread-2 修改第 8 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:29 2018] Thread-1 修改第 3 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:30 2018] Thread-1 修改第 2 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:31 2018] Thread-2 修改第 7 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:31 2018] Thread-1 修改第 1 个值,修改后值为:1
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:33 2018] Thread-2 修改第 6 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:35 2018] Thread-2 修改第 5 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:37 2018] Thread-2 修改第 4 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:39 2018] Thread-2 修改第 3 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:41 2018] Thread-2 修改第 2 个值,修改后值为:2
[Thu Nov 22 16:09:43 2018] Thread-2 修改第 1 个值,修改后值为:2
主进程结束!
Thread-1 线程结束!
Thread-2 线程结束!