# orm/relationships.py
# <see AUTHORS file>
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""Heuristics related to join conditions as used in
:func:`.relationship`.
Provides the :class:`.JoinCondition` object, which encapsulates
SQL annotation and aliasing behavior focused on the `primaryjoin`
and `secondaryjoin` aspects of :func:`.relationship`.
from __future__ import absolute_import
import collections
import weakref
from . import attributes
from . import dependency
from . import mapper as mapperlib
from .base import state_str
from .interfaces import MANYTOMANY
from .interfaces import MANYTOONE
from .interfaces import ONETOMANY
from .interfaces import PropComparator
from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
from .util import _orm_annotate
from .util import _orm_deannotate
from .util import CascadeOptions
from .. import exc as sa_exc
from .. import log
from .. import schema
from .. import sql
from .. import util
from ..inspection import inspect
from ..sql import expression
from ..sql import operators
from ..sql import visitors
from ..sql.util import _deep_deannotate
from ..sql.util import _shallow_annotate
from ..sql.util import adapt_criterion_to_null
from ..sql.util import ClauseAdapter
from ..sql.util import join_condition
from ..sql.util import selectables_overlap
from ..sql.util import visit_binary_product
def remote(expr):
"""Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
with a 'remote' annotation.
See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
description of use.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
:func:`.foreign`
return _annotate_columns(
expression._clause_element_as_expr(expr), {"remote": True}
def foreign(expr):
"""Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
with a 'foreign' annotation.
See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
description of use.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
:func:`.remote`
return _annotate_columns(
expression._clause_element_as_expr(expr), {"foreign": True}
@log.class_logger
@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties", add_to_all=True)
class RelationshipProperty(StrategizedProperty):
"""Describes an object property that holds a single item or list
of items that correspond to a related database table.
Public constructor is the :func:`.orm.relationship` function.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationship_config_toplevel`
strategy_wildcard_key = "relationship"
_persistence_only = dict(
passive_deletes=False,
passive_updates=True,
enable_typechecks=True,
active_history=False,
cascade_backrefs=True,
_dependency_processor = None
@util.deprecated_params(
extension=(
"0.7",
":class:`.AttributeExtension` is deprecated in favor of the "
":class:`.AttributeEvents` listener interface. The "
":paramref:`.relationship.extension` parameter will be "
"removed in a future release.",
def __init__(
self,
argument,
secondary=None,
primaryjoin=None,
secondaryjoin=None,
foreign_keys=None,
uselist=None,
order_by=False,
backref=None,
back_populates=None,
post_update=False,
cascade=False,
extension=None,
viewonly=False,
lazy="select",
collection_class=None,
passive_deletes=_persistence_only["passive_deletes"],
passive_updates=_persistence_only["passive_updates"],
remote_side=None,
enable_typechecks=_persistence_only["enable_typechecks"],
join_depth=None,
comparator_factory=None,
single_parent=False,
innerjoin=False,
distinct_target_key=None,
doc=None,
active_history=_persistence_only["active_history"],
cascade_backrefs=_persistence_only["cascade_backrefs"],
load_on_pending=False,
bake_queries=True,
_local_remote_pairs=None,
query_class=None,
info=None,
omit_join=None,
"""Provide a relationship between two mapped classes.
This corresponds to a parent-child or associative table relationship.
The constructed class is an instance of
:class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
A typical :func:`.relationship`, used in a classical mapping::
mapper(Parent, properties={
'children': relationship(Child)
Some arguments accepted by :func:`.relationship` optionally accept a
callable function, which when called produces the desired value.
The callable is invoked by the parent :class:`.Mapper` at "mapper
initialization" time, which happens only when mappers are first used,
and is assumed to be after all mappings have been constructed. This
can be used to resolve order-of-declaration and other dependency
issues, such as if ``Child`` is declared below ``Parent`` in the same
file::
mapper(Parent, properties={
"children":relationship(lambda: Child,
order_by=lambda: Child.id)
When using the :ref:`declarative_toplevel` extension, the Declarative
initializer allows string arguments to be passed to
:func:`.relationship`. These string arguments are converted into
callables that evaluate the string as Python code, using the
Declarative class-registry as a namespace. This allows the lookup of
related classes to be automatic via their string name, and removes the
need for related classes to be imported into the local module space
before the dependent classes have been declared. It is still required
that the modules in which these related classes appear are imported
anywhere in the application at some point before the related mappings
are actually used, else a lookup error will be raised when the
:func:`.relationship` attempts to resolve the string reference to the
related class. An example of a string- resolved class is as
follows::
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
Base = declarative_base()
class Parent(Base):
__tablename__ = 'parent'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
children = relationship("Child", order_by="Child.id")
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationship_config_toplevel` - Full introductory and
reference documentation for :func:`.relationship`.
:ref:`orm_tutorial_relationship` - ORM tutorial introduction.
:param argument:
a mapped class, or actual :class:`.Mapper` instance, representing
the target of the relationship.
:paramref:`~.relationship.argument` may also be passed as a callable
function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may
be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
.. seealso::
:ref:`declarative_configuring_relationships` - further detail
on relationship configuration when using Declarative.
:param secondary:
for a many-to-many relationship, specifies the intermediary
table, and is typically an instance of :class:`.Table`.
In less common circumstances, the argument may also be specified
as an :class:`.Alias` construct, or even a :class:`.Join` construct.
:paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` may
also be passed as a callable function which is evaluated at
mapper initialization time. When using Declarative, it may also
be a string argument noting the name of a :class:`.Table` that is
present in the :class:`.MetaData` collection associated with the
parent-mapped :class:`.Table`.
The :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` keyword argument is
typically applied in the case where the intermediary :class:`.Table`
is not otherwise expressed in any direct class mapping. If the
"secondary" table is also explicitly mapped elsewhere (e.g. as in
:ref:`association_pattern`), one should consider applying the
:paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` flag so that this
:func:`.relationship` is not used for persistence operations which
may conflict with those of the association object pattern.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationships_many_to_many` - Reference example of "many
to many".
:ref:`orm_tutorial_many_to_many` - ORM tutorial introduction to
many-to-many relationships.
:ref:`self_referential_many_to_many` - Specifics on using
many-to-many in a self-referential case.
:ref:`declarative_many_to_many` - Additional options when using
Declarative.
:ref:`association_pattern` - an alternative to
:paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` when composing association
table relationships, allowing additional attributes to be
specified on the association table.
:ref:`composite_secondary_join` - a lesser-used pattern which
in some cases can enable complex :func:`.relationship` SQL
conditions to be used.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.2 :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` works
more effectively when referring to a :class:`.Join` instance.
:param active_history=False:
When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
many-to-one reference should be loaded when replaced, if
not already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
simple many-to-ones only needs to be aware of the "new"
value in order to perform a flush. This flag is available
for applications that make use of
:func:`.attributes.get_history` which also need to know
the "previous" value of the attribute.
:param backref:
indicates the string name of a property to be placed on the related
mapper's class that will handle this relationship in the other
direction. The other property will be created automatically
when the mappers are configured. Can also be passed as a
:func:`.backref` object to control the configuration of the
new relationship.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationships_backref` - Introductory documentation and
examples.
:paramref:`~.relationship.back_populates` - alternative form
of backref specification.
:func:`.backref` - allows control over :func:`.relationship`
configuration when using :paramref:`~.relationship.backref`.
:param back_populates:
Takes a string name and has the same meaning as
:paramref:`~.relationship.backref`, except the complementing
property is **not** created automatically, and instead must be
configured explicitly on the other mapper. The complementing
property should also indicate
:paramref:`~.relationship.back_populates` to this relationship to
ensure proper functioning.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationships_backref` - Introductory documentation and
examples.
:paramref:`~.relationship.backref` - alternative form
of backref specification.
:param bake_queries=True:
Use the :class:`.BakedQuery` cache to cache the construction of SQL
used in lazy loads. True by default. Set to False if the
join condition of the relationship has unusual features that
might not respond well to statement caching.
.. versionchanged:: 1.2
"Baked" loading is the default implementation for the "select",
a.k.a. "lazy" loading strategy for relationships.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
.. seealso::
:ref:`baked_toplevel`
:param cascade:
a comma-separated list of cascade rules which determines how
Session operations should be "cascaded" from parent to child.
This defaults to ``False``, which means the default cascade
should be used - this default cascade is ``"save-update, merge"``.
The available cascades are ``save-update``, ``merge``,
``expunge``, ``delete``, ``delete-orphan``, and ``refresh-expire``.
An additional option, ``all`` indicates shorthand for
``"save-update, merge, refresh-expire,
expunge, delete"``, and is often used as in ``"all, delete-orphan"``
to indicate that related objects should follow along with the
parent object in all cases, and be deleted when de-associated.
.. seealso::
:ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - Full detail on each of the available
cascade options.
:ref:`tutorial_delete_cascade` - Tutorial example describing
a delete cascade.
:param cascade_backrefs=True:
a boolean value indicating if the ``save-update`` cascade should
operate along an assignment event intercepted by a backref.
When set to ``False``, the attribute managed by this relationship
will not cascade an incoming transient object into the session of a
persistent parent, if the event is received via backref.
.. seealso::
:ref:`backref_cascade` - Full discussion and examples on how
the :paramref:`~.relationship.cascade_backrefs` option is used.
:param collection_class:
a class or callable that returns a new list-holding object. will
be used in place of a plain list for storing elements.
.. seealso::
:ref:`custom_collections` - Introductory documentation and
examples.
:param comparator_factory:
a class which extends :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
which provides custom SQL clause generation for comparison
operations.
.. seealso::
:class:`.PropComparator` - some detail on redefining comparators
at this level.
:ref:`custom_comparators` - Brief intro to this feature.
:param distinct_target_key=None:
Indicate if a "subquery" eager load should apply the DISTINCT
keyword to the innermost SELECT statement. When left as ``None``,
the DISTINCT keyword will be applied in those cases when the target
columns do not comprise the full primary key of the target table.
When set to ``True``, the DISTINCT keyword is applied to the
innermost SELECT unconditionally.
It may be desirable to set this flag to False when the DISTINCT is
reducing performance of the innermost subquery beyond that of what
duplicate innermost rows may be causing.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 -
:paramref:`~.relationship.distinct_target_key` now defaults to
``None``, so that the feature enables itself automatically for
those cases where the innermost query targets a non-unique
.. seealso::
:ref:`loading_toplevel` - includes an introduction to subquery
eager loading.
:param doc:
docstring which will be applied to the resulting descriptor.
:param extension:
an :class:`.AttributeExtension` instance, or list of extensions,
which will be prepended to the list of attribute listeners for
the resulting descriptor placed on the class.
:param foreign_keys:
a list of columns which are to be used as "foreign key"
columns, or columns which refer to the value in a remote
column, within the context of this :func:`.relationship`
object's :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition.
That is, if the :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin`
condition of this :func:`.relationship` is ``a.id ==
b.a_id``, and the values in ``b.a_id`` are required to be
present in ``a.id``, then the "foreign key" column of this
:func:`.relationship` is ``b.a_id``.
In normal cases, the :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys`
parameter is **not required.** :func:`.relationship` will
automatically determine which columns in the
:paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition are to be
considered "foreign key" columns based on those
:class:`.Column` objects that specify :class:`.ForeignKey`,
or are otherwise listed as referencing columns in a
:class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` construct.
:paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` is only needed when:
1. There is more than one way to construct a join from the local
table to the remote table, as there are multiple foreign key
references present. Setting ``foreign_keys`` will limit the
:func:`.relationship` to consider just those columns specified
here as "foreign".
2. The :class:`.Table` being mapped does not actually have
:class:`.ForeignKey` or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
constructs present, often because the table
was reflected from a database that does not support foreign key
reflection (MySQL MyISAM).
3. The :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` argument is used to
construct a non-standard join condition, which makes use of
columns or expressions that do not normally refer to their
"parent" column, such as a join condition expressed by a
complex comparison using a SQL function.
The :func:`.relationship` construct will raise informative
error messages that suggest the use of the
:paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter when
presented with an ambiguous condition. In typical cases,
if :func:`.relationship` doesn't raise any exceptions, the
:paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter is usually
not needed.
:paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` may also be passed as a
callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
Declarative.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationship_foreign_keys`
:ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
:func:`.foreign` - allows direct annotation of the "foreign"
columns within a :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition.
:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
:attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
:param innerjoin=False:
when ``True``, joined eager loads will use an inner join to join
against related tables instead of an outer join. The purpose
of this option is generally one of performance, as inner joins
generally perform better than outer joins.
This flag can be set to ``True`` when the relationship references an
object via many-to-one using local foreign keys that are not
nullable, or when the reference is one-to-one or a collection that
is guaranteed to have one or at least one entry.
The option supports the same "nested" and "unnested" options as
that of :paramref:`.joinedload.innerjoin`. See that flag
for details on nested / unnested behaviors.
.. seealso::
:paramref:`.joinedload.innerjoin` - the option as specified by
loader option, including detail on nesting behavior.
:ref:`what_kind_of_loading` - Discussion of some details of
various loader options.
:param join_depth:
when non-``None``, an integer value indicating how many levels
deep "eager" loaders should join on a self-referring or cyclical
relationship. The number counts how many times the same Mapper
shall be present in the loading condition along a particular join
branch. When left at its default of ``None``, eager loaders
will stop chaining when they encounter a the same target mapper
which is already higher up in the chain. This option applies
both to joined- and subquery- eager loaders.
.. seealso::
:ref:`self_referential_eager_loading` - Introductory documentation
and examples.
:param lazy='select': specifies
how the related items should be loaded. Default value is
``select``. Values include:
* ``select`` - items should be loaded lazily when the property is
first accessed, using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map
fetch for simple many-to-one references.
* ``immediate`` - items should be loaded as the parents are loaded,
using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map fetch for
simple many-to-one references.
* ``joined`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" in the same query as
that of the parent, using a JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN. Whether
the join is "outer" or not is determined by the
:paramref:`~.relationship.innerjoin` parameter.
* ``subquery`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents are
loaded, using one additional SQL statement, which issues a JOIN to
a subquery of the original statement, for each collection
requested.
* ``selectin`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents
are loaded, using one or more additional SQL statements, which
issues a JOIN to the immediate parent object, specifying primary
key identifiers using an IN clause.
.. versionadded:: 1.2
* ``noload`` - no loading should occur at any time. This is to
support "write-only" attributes, or attributes which are
populated in some manner specific to the application.
* ``raise`` - lazy loading is disallowed; accessing
the attribute, if its value were not already loaded via eager
loading, will raise an :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
This strategy can be used when objects are to be detached from
their attached :class:`.Session` after they are loaded.
.. versionadded:: 1.1
* ``raise_on_sql`` - lazy loading that emits SQL is disallowed;
accessing the attribute, if its value were not already loaded via
eager loading, will raise an
:exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`, **if the lazy load
needs to emit SQL**. If the lazy load can pull the related value
from the identity map or determine that it should be None, the
value is loaded. This strategy can be used when objects will
remain associated with the attached :class:`.Session`, however
additional SELECT statements should be blocked.
.. versionadded:: 1.1
* ``dynamic`` - the attribute will return a pre-configured
:class:`.Query` object for all read
operations, onto which further filtering operations can be
applied before iterating the results. See
the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details.
* True - a synonym for 'select'
* False - a synonym for 'joined'
* None - a synonym for 'noload'
.. seealso::
:doc:`/orm/loading_relationships` - Full documentation on
relationship loader configuration.
:ref:`dynamic_relationship` - detail on the ``dynamic`` option.
:ref:`collections_noload_raiseload` - notes on "noload" and "raise"
:param load_on_pending=False:
Indicates loading behavior for transient or pending parent objects.
When set to ``True``, causes the lazy-loader to
issue a query for a parent object that is not persistent, meaning it
has never been flushed. This may take effect for a pending object
when autoflush is disabled, or for a transient object that has been
"attached" to a :class:`.Session` but is not part of its pending
collection.
The :paramref:`~.relationship.load_on_pending` flag does not improve
behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
that they are present in an ordinary way before a flush proceeds.
This flag is not not intended for general use.
.. seealso::
:meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` - this method
establishes "load on pending" behavior for the whole object, and
also allows loading on objects that remain transient or
detached.
:param order_by:
indicates the ordering that should be applied when loading these
items. :paramref:`~.relationship.order_by` is expected to refer to
one of the :class:`.Column` objects to which the target class is
mapped, or the attribute itself bound to the target class which
refers to the column.
:paramref:`~.relationship.order_by` may also be passed as a callable
function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may
be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
:param passive_deletes=False:
Indicates loading behavior during delete operations.
A value of True indicates that unloaded child items should not
be loaded during a delete operation on the parent. Normally,
when a parent item is deleted, all child items are loaded so
that they can either be marked as deleted, or have their
foreign key to the parent set to NULL. Marking this flag as
True usually implies an ON DELETE <CASCADE|SET NULL> rule is in
place which will handle updating/deleting child rows on the
database side.
Additionally, setting the flag to the string value 'all' will
disable the "nulling out" of the child foreign keys, when the parent
object is deleted and there is no delete or delete-orphan cascade
enabled. This is typically used when a triggering or error raise
scenario is in place on the database side. Note that the foreign
key attributes on in-session child objects will not be changed after
a flush occurs so this is a very special use-case setting.
Additionally, the "nulling out" will still occur if the child
object is de-associated with the parent.
.. seealso::
:ref:`passive_deletes` - Introductory documentation
and examples.
:param passive_updates=True:
Indicates the persistence behavior to take when a referenced
primary key value changes in place, indicating that the referencing
foreign key columns will also need their value changed.
When True, it is assumed that ``ON UPDATE CASCADE`` is configured on
the foreign key in the database, and that the database will
handle propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to
dependent rows. When False, the SQLAlchemy :func:`.relationship`
construct will attempt to emit its own UPDATE statements to
modify related targets. However note that SQLAlchemy **cannot**
emit an UPDATE for more than one level of cascade. Also,
setting this flag to False is not compatible in the case where
the database is in fact enforcing referential integrity, unless
those constraints are explicitly "deferred", if the target backend
supports it.
It is highly advised that an application which is employing
mutable primary keys keeps ``passive_updates`` set to True,
and instead uses the referential integrity features of the database
itself in order to handle the change efficiently and fully.
.. seealso::
:ref:`passive_updates` - Introductory documentation and
examples.
:paramref:`.mapper.passive_updates` - a similar flag which
takes effect for joined-table inheritance mappings.
:param post_update:
this indicates that the relationship should be handled by a
second UPDATE statement after an INSERT or before a
DELETE. Currently, it also will issue an UPDATE after the
instance was UPDATEd as well, although this technically should
be improved. This flag is used to handle saving bi-directional
dependencies between two individual rows (i.e. each row
references the other), where it would otherwise be impossible to
INSERT or DELETE both rows fully since one row exists before the
other. Use this flag when a particular mapping arrangement will
incur two rows that are dependent on each other, such as a table
that has a one-to-many relationship to a set of child rows, and
also has a column that references a single child row within that
list (i.e. both tables contain a foreign key to each other). If
a flush operation returns an error that a "cyclical
dependency" was detected, this is a cue that you might want to
use :paramref:`~.relationship.post_update` to "break" the cycle.
.. seealso::
:ref:`post_update` - Introductory documentation and examples.
:param primaryjoin:
a SQL expression that will be used as the primary
join of the child object against the parent object, or in a
many-to-many relationship the join of the parent object to the
association table. By default, this value is computed based on the
foreign key relationships of the parent and child tables (or
association table).
:paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` may also be passed as a
callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
Declarative.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
:param remote_side:
used for self-referential relationships, indicates the column or
list of columns that form the "remote side" of the relationship.
:paramref:`.relationship.remote_side` may also be passed as a
callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
Declarative.
.. seealso::
:ref:`self_referential` - in-depth explanation of how
:paramref:`~.relationship.remote_side`
is used to configure self-referential relationships.
:func:`.remote` - an annotation function that accomplishes the
same purpose as :paramref:`~.relationship.remote_side`, typically
when a custom :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition
is used.
:param query_class:
a :class:`.Query` subclass that will be used as the base of the
"appender query" returned by a "dynamic" relationship, that
is, a relationship that specifies ``lazy="dynamic"`` or was
otherwise constructed using the :func:`.orm.dynamic_loader`
function.
.. seealso::
:ref:`dynamic_relationship` - Introduction to "dynamic"
relationship loaders.
:param secondaryjoin:
a SQL expression that will be used as the join of
an association table to the child object. By default, this value is
computed based on the foreign key relationships of the association
and child tables.
:paramref:`~.relationship.secondaryjoin` may also be passed as a
callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
Declarative.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
:param single_parent:
when True, installs a validator which will prevent objects
from being associated with more than one parent at a time.
This is used for many-to-one or many-to-many relationships that
should be treated either as one-to-one or one-to-many. Its usage
is optional, except for :func:`.relationship` constructs which
are many-to-one or many-to-many and also
specify the ``delete-orphan`` cascade option. The
:func:`.relationship` construct itself will raise an error
instructing when this option is required.
.. seealso::
:ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - includes detail on when the
:paramref:`~.relationship.single_parent` flag may be appropriate.
:param uselist:
a boolean that indicates if this property should be loaded as a
list or a scalar. In most cases, this value is determined
automatically by :func:`.relationship` at mapper configuration
time, based on the type and direction
of the relationship - one to many forms a list, many to one
forms a scalar, many to many is a list. If a scalar is desired
where normally a list would be present, such as a bi-directional
one-to-one relationship, set :paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` to
False.
The :paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` flag is also available on an
existing :func:`.relationship` construct as a read-only attribute,
which can be used to determine if this :func:`.relationship` deals
with collections or scalar attributes::
>>> User.addresses.property.uselist
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationships_one_to_one` - Introduction to the "one to
one" relationship pattern, which is typically when the
:paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` flag is needed.
:param viewonly=False:
when set to True, the relationship is used only for loading objects,
and not for any persistence operation. A :func:`.relationship`
which specifies :paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` can work
with a wider range of SQL operations within the
:paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition, including
operations that feature the use of a variety of comparison operators
as well as SQL functions such as :func:`~.sql.expression.cast`. The
:paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` flag is also of general use when
defining any kind of :func:`~.relationship` that doesn't represent
the full set of related objects, to prevent modifications of the
collection from resulting in persistence operations.
.. warning:: The viewonly=True relationship should not be mutated
in Python; that means, elements should not be added or removed
from collections nor should a many-to-one or one-to-one attribute
be altered in Python. The viewonly=True relationship should only
be accessed via read. Towards this behavior, it is also not
appropriate for the viewonly=True relationship to have any kind
of persistence cascade settings, nor should it be the target of
either :paramref:`.relationship.backref` or
:paramref:`.relationship.back_populates`, as backrefs imply
in-Python mutation of the attribute. SQLAlchemy may emit
warnings for some or all of these conditions as of the 1.3 and
1.4 series of SQLAlchemy and will eventually be disallowed.
:param omit_join:
Allows manual control over the "selectin" automatic join
optimization. Set to ``False`` to disable the "omit join" feature
added in SQLAlchemy 1.3; or leave as ``None`` to leave automatic
optimization in place.
.. note:: This flag may only be set to ``False``. It is not
necessary to set it to ``True`` as the "omit_join" optimization is
automatically detected; if it is not detected, then the
optimization is not supported.
.. versionchanged:: 1.3.11 setting ``omit_join`` to True will now
emit a warning as this was not the intended use of this flag.
.. versionadded:: 1.3
super(RelationshipProperty, self).__init__()
self.uselist = uselist
self.argument = argument
self.secondary = secondary
self.primaryjoin = primaryjoin
self.secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin
self.post_update = post_update
self.direction = None
self.viewonly = viewonly
if viewonly:
self._warn_for_persistence_only_flags(
passive_deletes=passive_deletes,
passive_updates=passive_updates,
enable_typechecks=enable_typechecks,
active_history=active_history,
cascade_backrefs=cascade_backrefs,
self.lazy = lazy
self.single_parent = single_parent
self._user_defined_foreign_keys = foreign_keys
self.collection_class = collection_class
self.passive_deletes = passive_deletes
self.cascade_backrefs = cascade_backrefs
self.passive_updates = passive_updates
self.remote_side = remote_side
self.enable_typechecks = enable_typechecks
self.query_class = query_class
self.innerjoin = innerjoin
self.distinct_target_key = distinct_target_key
self.doc = doc
self.active_history = active_history
self.join_depth = join_depth
if omit_join:
util.warn(
"setting omit_join to True is not supported; selectin "
"loading of this relationship may not work correctly if this "
"flag is set explicitly. omit_join optimization is "
"automatically detected for conditions under which it is "
"supported."
self.omit_join = omit_join
self.local_remote_pairs = _local_remote_pairs
self.extension = extension
self.bake_queries = bake_queries
self.load_on_pending = load_on_pending
self.comparator_factory = (
comparator_factory or RelationshipProperty.Comparator
self.comparator = self.comparator_factory(self, None)
util.set_creation_order(self)
if info is not None:
self.info = info
self.strategy_key = (("lazy", self.lazy),)
self._reverse_property = set()
if cascade is not False:
self.cascade = cascade
else:
self._set_cascade("save-update, merge", warn=False)
self.order_by = order_by
self.back_populates = back_populates
if self.back_populates:
if backref:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"backref and back_populates keyword arguments "
"are mutually exclusive"
self.backref = None
else:
self.backref = backref
def _warn_for_persistence_only_flags(self, **kw):
for k, v in kw.items():
if v != self._persistence_only[k]:
# we are warning here rather than warn deprecated as this is a
# configuration mistake, and Python shows regular warnings more
# aggressively than deprecation warnings by default. Unlike the
# case of setting viewonly with cascade, the settings being
# warned about here are not actively doing the wrong thing
# against viewonly=True, so it is not as urgent to have these
# raise an error.
util.warn(
"Setting %s on relationship() while also "
"setting viewonly=True does not make sense, as a "
"viewonly=True relationship does not perform persistence "
"operations. This configuration may raise an error "
"in a future release." % (k,)
def instrument_class(self, mapper):
attributes.register_descriptor(
mapper.class_,
self.key,
comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
parententity=mapper,
doc=self.doc,
class Comparator(PropComparator):
"""Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
:class:`.RelationshipProperty` attributes.
See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
overview of ORM level operator definition.
.. seealso::
:class:`.PropComparator`
:class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
:class:`.ColumnOperators`
:ref:`types_operators`
:attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
_of_type = None
def __init__(
self, prop, parentmapper, adapt_to_entity=None, of_type=None
"""Construction of :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
is internal to the ORM's attribute mechanics.
self.prop = prop
self._parententity = parentmapper
self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
if of_type:
self._of_type = of_type
def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
return self.__class__(
self.property,
self._parententity,
adapt_to_entity=adapt_to_entity,
of_type=self._of_type,
@util.memoized_property
def entity(self):
"""The target entity referred to by this
:class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`.
This is either a :class:`.Mapper` or :class:`.AliasedInsp`
object.
This is the "target" or "remote" side of the
:func:`.relationship`.
return self.property.entity
@util.memoized_property
def mapper(self):
"""The target :class:`.Mapper` referred to by this
:class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`.
This is the "target" or "remote" side of the
:func:`.relationship`.
return self.property.mapper
@util.memoized_property
def _parententity(self):
return self.property.parent
def _source_selectable(self):
if self._adapt_to_entity:
return self._adapt_to_entity.selectable
else:
return self.property.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
def __clause_element__(self):
adapt_from = self._source_selectable()
if self._of_type:
of_type_mapper = inspect(self._of_type).mapper
else:
of_type_mapper = None
source,
dest,
secondary,
target_adapter,
) = self.property._create_joins(
source_selectable=adapt_from,
source_polymorphic=True,
of_type_mapper=of_type_mapper,
alias_secondary=True,
if sj is not None:
return pj & sj
else:
return pj
def of_type(self, cls):
r"""Redefine this object in terms of a polymorphic subclass.
See :meth:`.PropComparator.of_type` for an example.
return RelationshipProperty.Comparator(
self.property,
self._parententity,
adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
of_type=cls,
def in_(self, other):
"""Produce an IN clause - this is not implemented
for :func:`~.orm.relationship`-based attributes at this time.
raise NotImplementedError(
"in_() not yet supported for "
"relationships. For a simple "
"many-to-one, use in_() against "
"the set of foreign key values."
__hash__ = None
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Implement the ``==`` operator.
In a many-to-one context, such as::
MyClass.some_prop == <some object>
this will typically produce a
clause such as::
mytable.related_id == <some id>
Where ``<some id>`` is the primary key of the given
object.
The ``==`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
many-to-one comparisons:
* Comparisons against collections are not supported.
Use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`.
* Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
the given target.
* Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
of the association table will be rendered as
well, forming a natural join that is part of the
main body of the query. This will not work for
queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
explicit joins, outerjoins, or
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` for
more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
membership tests.
* Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
or many-to-many context produce a NOT EXISTS clause.
if isinstance(other, (util.NoneType, expression.Null)):
if self.property.direction in [ONETOMANY, MANYTOMANY]:
return ~self._criterion_exists()
else:
return _orm_annotate(
self.property._optimized_compare(
None, adapt_source=self.adapter
elif self.property.uselist:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Can't compare a collection to an object or collection; "
"use contains() to test for membership."
else:
return _orm_annotate(
self.property._optimized_compare(
other, adapt_source=self.adapter
def _criterion_exists(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
if getattr(self, "_of_type", None):
info = inspect(self._of_type)
target_mapper, to_selectable, is_aliased_class = (
info.mapper,
info.selectable,
info.is_aliased_class,
if self.property._is_self_referential and not is_aliased_class:
to_selectable = to_selectable.alias()
single_crit = target_mapper._single_table_criterion
if single_crit is not None:
if criterion is not None:
criterion = single_crit & criterion
else:
criterion = single_crit
else:
is_aliased_class = False
to_selectable = None
if self.adapter:
source_selectable = self._source_selectable()
else:
source_selectable = None
source,
dest,
secondary,
target_adapter,
) = self.property._create_joins(
dest_polymorphic=True,
dest_selectable=to_selectable,
source_selectable=source_selectable,
for k in kwargs:
crit = getattr(self.property.mapper.class_, k) == kwargs[k]
if criterion is None:
criterion = crit
else:
criterion = criterion & crit
# annotate the *local* side of the join condition, in the case
# of pj + sj this is the full primaryjoin, in the case of just
# pj its the local side of the primaryjoin.
if sj is not None:
j = _orm_annotate(pj) & sj
else:
j = _orm_annotate(pj, exclude=self.property.remote_side)
if (
criterion is not None
and target_adapter
and not is_aliased_class
# limit this adapter to annotated only?
criterion = target_adapter.traverse(criterion)
# only have the "joined left side" of what we
# return be subject to Query adaption. The right
# side of it is used for an exists() subquery and
# should not correlate or otherwise reach out
# to anything in the enclosing query.
if criterion is not None:
criterion = criterion._annotate(
{"no_replacement_traverse": True}
crit = j & sql.True_._ifnone(criterion)
if secondary is not None:
ex = sql.exists(
[1], crit, from_obj=[dest, secondary]
).correlate_except(dest, secondary)
else:
ex = sql.exists([1], crit, from_obj=dest).correlate_except(
return ex
def any(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
"""Produce an expression that tests a collection against
particular criterion, using EXISTS.
An expression like::
session.query(MyClass).filter(
MyClass.somereference.any(SomeRelated.x==2)
Will produce a query like::
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE related.my_id=my_table.id
AND related.x=2)
Because :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` uses
a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
good when compared against large target tables as that of
using a join.
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` is particularly
useful for testing for empty collections::
session.query(MyClass).filter(
~MyClass.somereference.any()
will produce::
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
related.my_id=my_table.id)
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` is only
valid for collections, i.e. a :func:`.relationship`
that has ``uselist=True``. For scalar references,
use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`.
if not self.property.uselist:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"'any()' not implemented for scalar "
"attributes. Use has()."
return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
def has(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
"""Produce an expression that tests a scalar reference against
particular criterion, using EXISTS.
An expression like::
session.query(MyClass).filter(
MyClass.somereference.has(SomeRelated.x==2)
Will produce a query like::
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
related.id==my_table.related_id AND related.x=2)
Because :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` uses
a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
good when compared against large target tables as that of
using a join.
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` is only
valid for scalar references, i.e. a :func:`.relationship`
that has ``uselist=False``. For collection references,
use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`.
if self.property.uselist:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"'has()' not implemented for collections. " "Use any()."
return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
"""Return a simple expression that tests a collection for
containment of a particular item.
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains` is
only valid for a collection, i.e. a
:func:`~.orm.relationship` that implements
one-to-many or many-to-many with ``uselist=True``.
When used in a simple one-to-many context, an
expression like::
MyClass.contains(other)
Produces a clause like::
mytable.id == <some id>
Where ``<some id>`` is the value of the foreign key
attribute on ``other`` which refers to the primary
key of its parent object. From this it follows that
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains` is
very useful when used with simple one-to-many
operations.
For many-to-many operations, the behavior of
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
has more caveats. The association table will be
rendered in the statement, producing an "implicit"
join, that is, includes multiple tables in the FROM
clause which are equated in the WHERE clause::
query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.contains(other))
Produces a query like::
SELECT * FROM my_table, my_association_table AS
my_association_table_1 WHERE
my_table.id = my_association_table_1.parent_id
AND my_association_table_1.child_id = <some id>
Where ``<some id>`` would be the primary key of
``other``. From the above, it is clear that
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
will **not** work with many-to-many collections when
used in queries that move beyond simple AND
conjunctions, such as multiple
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
expressions joined by OR. In such cases subqueries or
explicit "outer joins" will need to be used instead.
See :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` for
a less-performant alternative using EXISTS, or refer
to :meth:`.Query.outerjoin` as well as :ref:`ormtutorial_joins`
for more details on constructing outer joins.
if not self.property.uselist:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"'contains' not implemented for scalar "
"attributes. Use =="
clause = self.property._optimized_compare(
other, adapt_source=self.adapter
if self.property.secondaryjoin is not None:
clause.negation_clause = self.__negated_contains_or_equals(
other
return clause
def __negated_contains_or_equals(self, other):
if self.property.direction == MANYTOONE:
state = attributes.instance_state(other)
def state_bindparam(x, state, col):
dict_ = state.dict
return sql.bindparam(
unique=True,
callable_=self.property._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
self.property.mapper, state, dict_, col
def adapt(col):
if self.adapter:
return self.adapter(col)
else:
return col
if self.property._use_get:
return sql.and_(
sql.or_(
adapt(x)
!= state_bindparam(adapt(x), state, y),
adapt(x) == None,
for (x, y) in self.property.local_remote_pairs
criterion = sql.and_(
x == y
for (x, y) in zip(
self.property.mapper.primary_key,
self.property.mapper.primary_key_from_instance(other),
return ~self._criterion_exists(criterion)
def __ne__(self, other):
"""Implement the ``!=`` operator.
In a many-to-one context, such as::
MyClass.some_prop != <some object>
This will typically produce a clause such as::
mytable.related_id != <some id>
Where ``<some id>`` is the primary key of the
given object.
The ``!=`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
many-to-one comparisons:
* Comparisons against collections are not supported.
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
in conjunction with :func:`~.expression.not_`.
* Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
the given target.
* Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
of the association table will be rendered as
well, forming a natural join that is part of the
main body of the query. This will not work for
queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
explicit joins, outerjoins, or
:meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` in
conjunction with :func:`~.expression.not_` for
more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
membership tests.
* Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
or many-to-many context produce an EXISTS clause.
if isinstance(other, (util.NoneType, expression.Null)):
if self.property.direction == MANYTOONE:
return _orm_annotate(
~self.property._optimized_compare(
None, adapt_source=self.adapter
else:
return self._criterion_exists()
elif self.property.uselist:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Can't compare a collection"
" to an object or collection; use "
"contains() to test for membership."
else:
return _orm_annotate(self.__negated_contains_or_equals(other))
@util.memoized_property
def property(self):
if mapperlib.Mapper._new_mappers:
mapperlib.Mapper._configure_all()
return self.prop
def _with_parent(self, instance, alias_secondary=True, from_entity=None):
assert instance is not None
adapt_source = None
if from_entity is not None:
insp = inspect(from_entity)
if insp.is_aliased_class:
adapt_source = insp._adapter.adapt_clause
return self._optimized_compare(
instance,
value_is_parent=True,
adapt_source=adapt_source,
alias_secondary=alias_secondary,
def _optimized_compare(
self,
state,
value_is_parent=False,
adapt_source=None,
alias_secondary=True,
if state is not None:
state = attributes.instance_state(state)
reverse_direction = not value_is_parent
if state is None:
return self._lazy_none_clause(
reverse_direction, adapt_source=adapt_source
if not reverse_direction:
criterion, bind_to_col = (
self._lazy_strategy._lazywhere,
self._lazy_strategy._bind_to_col,
else:
criterion, bind_to_col = (
self._lazy_strategy._rev_lazywhere,
self._lazy_strategy._rev_bind_to_col,
if reverse_direction:
mapper = self.mapper
else:
mapper = self.parent
dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(state.obj())
def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
bindparam.callable = self._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
mapper,
state,
dict_,
bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key],
if self.secondary is not None and alias_secondary:
criterion = ClauseAdapter(self.secondary.alias()).traverse(
criterion
criterion = visitors.cloned_traverse(
criterion, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam}
if adapt_source:
criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
return criterion
def _get_attr_w_warn_on_none(self, mapper, state, dict_, column):
"""Create the callable that is used in a many-to-one expression.
E.g.::
u1 = s.query(User).get(5)
expr = Address.user == u1
Above, the SQL should be "address.user_id = 5". The callable
returned by this method produces the value "5" based on the identity
of ``u1``.
# in this callable, we're trying to thread the needle through
# a wide variety of scenarios, including:
# * the object hasn't been flushed yet and there's no value for
# the attribute as of yet
# * the object hasn't been flushed yet but it has a user-defined
# value
# * the object has a value but it's expired and not locally present
# * the object has a value but it's expired and not locally present,
# and the object is also detached
# * The object hadn't been flushed yet, there was no value, but
# later, the object has been expired and detached, and *now*
# they're trying to evaluate it
# * the object had a value, but it was changed to a new value, and
# then expired
# * the object had a value, but it was changed to a new value, and
# then expired, then the object was detached
# * the object has a user-set value, but it's None and we don't do
# the comparison correctly for that so warn
prop = mapper.get_property_by_column(column)
# by invoking this method, InstanceState will track the last known
# value for this key each time the attribute is to be expired.
# this feature was added explicitly for use in this method.
state._track_last_known_value(prop.key)
def _go():
last_known = to_return = state._last_known_values[prop.key]
existing_is_available = last_known is not attributes.NO_VALUE
# we support that the value may have changed. so here we
# try to get the most recent value including re-fetching.
# only if we can't get a value now due to detachment do we return
# the last known value
current_value = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
state,
dict_,
column,
passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
if state.persistent
else attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ attributes.INIT_OK,
if current_value is attributes.NEVER_SET:
if not existing_is_available:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Can't resolve value for column %s on object "
"%s; no value has been set for this column"
% (column, state_str(state))
elif current_value is attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
if not existing_is_available:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Can't resolve value for column %s on object "
"%s; the object is detached and the value was "
"expired" % (column, state_str(state))
else:
to_return = current_value
if to_return is None:
util.warn(
"Got None for value of column %s; this is unsupported "
"for a relationship comparison and will not "
"currently produce an IS comparison "
"(but may in a future release)" % column
return to_return
return _go
def _lazy_none_clause(self, reverse_direction=False, adapt_source=None):
if not reverse_direction:
criterion, bind_to_col = (
self._lazy_strategy._lazywhere,
self._lazy_strategy._bind_to_col,
else:
criterion, bind_to_col = (
self._lazy_strategy._rev_lazywhere,
self._lazy_strategy._rev_bind_to_col,
criterion = adapt_criterion_to_null(criterion, bind_to_col)
if adapt_source:
criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
return criterion
def __str__(self):
return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
def merge(
self,
session,
source_state,
source_dict,
dest_state,
dest_dict,
load,
_recursive,
_resolve_conflict_map,
if load:
for r in self._reverse_property:
if (source_state, r) in _recursive:
return
if "merge" not in self._cascade:
return
if self.key not in source_dict:
return
if self.uselist:
instances = source_state.get_impl(self.key).get(
source_state, source_dict
if hasattr(instances, "_sa_adapter"):
# convert collections to adapters to get a true iterator
instances = instances._sa_adapter
if load:
# for a full merge, pre-load the destination collection,
# so that individual _merge of each item pulls from identity
# map for those already present.
# also assumes CollectionAttributeImpl behavior of loading
# "old" list in any case
dest_state.get_impl(self.key).get(dest_state, dest_dict)
dest_list = []
for current in instances:
current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
_recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
obj = session._merge(
current_state,
current_dict,
load=load,
_recursive=_recursive,
_resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
if obj is not None:
dest_list.append(obj)
if not load:
coll = attributes.init_state_collection(
dest_state, dest_dict, self.key
for c in dest_list:
coll.append_without_event(c)
else:
dest_state.get_impl(self.key).set(
dest_state, dest_dict, dest_list, _adapt=False
else:
current = source_dict[self.key]
if current is not None:
current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
_recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
obj = session._merge(
current_state,
current_dict,
load=load,
_recursive=_recursive,
_resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
else:
obj = None
if not load:
dest_dict[self.key] = obj
else:
dest_state.get_impl(self.key).set(
dest_state, dest_dict, obj, None
def _value_as_iterable(
self, state, dict_, key, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
"""Return a list of tuples (state, obj) for the given
returns an empty list if the value is None/empty/PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
impl = state.manager[key].impl
x = impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
if x is attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or x is None:
return []
elif hasattr(impl, "get_collection"):
return [
(attributes.instance_state(o), o)
for o in impl.get_collection(state, dict_, x, passive=passive)
else:
return [(attributes.instance_state(x), x)]
def cascade_iterator(
self, type_, state, dict_, visited_states, halt_on=None
# assert type_ in self._cascade
# only actively lazy load on the 'delete' cascade
if type_ != "delete" or self.passive_deletes:
passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
else:
passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
if type_ == "save-update":
tuples = state.manager[self.key].impl.get_all_pending(state, dict_)
else:
tuples = self._value_as_iterable(
state, dict_, self.key, passive=passive
skip_pending = (
type_ == "refresh-expire" and "delete-orphan" not in self._cascade
for instance_state, c in tuples:
if instance_state in visited_states:
continue
if c is None:
# would like to emit a warning here, but
# would not be consistent with collection.append(None)
# current behavior of silently skipping.
# see [ticket:2229]
continue
instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict(c)
if halt_on and halt_on(instance_state):
continue
if skip_pending and not instance_state.key:
continue
instance_mapper = instance_state.manager.mapper
if not instance_mapper.isa(self.mapper.class_manager.mapper):
raise AssertionError(
"Attribute '%s' on class '%s' "
"doesn't handle objects "
"of type '%s'"
% (self.key, self.parent.class_, c.__class__)
visited_states.add(instance_state)
yield c, instance_mapper, instance_state, instance_dict
def _add_reverse_property(self, key):
other = self.mapper.get_property(key, _configure_mappers=False)
if other.viewonly:
util.warn_limited(
"Setting backref / back_populates on relationship %s to refer "
"to viewonly relationship %s will be deprecated in SQLAlchemy "
"1.4, and will be disallowed in a future release. "
"viewonly relationships should not be mutated",
(self, other),
self._reverse_property.add(other)
other._reverse_property.add(self)
if not other.mapper.common_parent(self.parent):
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"reverse_property %r on "
"relationship %s references relationship %s, which "
"does not reference mapper %s"
% (key, self, other, self.parent)
if (
self.direction in (ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE)
and self.direction == other.direction
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"%s and back-reference %s are "
"both of the same direction %r. Did you mean to "
"set remote_side on the many-to-one side ?"
% (other, self, self.direction)
@util.memoized_property
def entity(self): # type: () -> Union[AliasedInsp, Mapper]
"""Return the target mapped entity, which is an inspect() of the
class or aliased class tha is referred towards.
if util.callable(self.argument) and not isinstance(
self.argument, (type, mapperlib.Mapper)
argument = self.argument()
else:
argument = self.argument
if isinstance(argument, type):
return mapperlib.class_mapper(argument, configure=False)
try:
entity = inspect(argument)
except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
else:
if hasattr(entity, "mapper"):
return entity
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"relationship '%s' expects "
"a class or a mapper argument (received: %s)"
% (self.key, type(argument))
@util.memoized_property
def mapper(self):
"""Return the targeted :class:`.Mapper` for this
:class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
This is a lazy-initializing static attribute.
return self.entity.mapper
def do_init(self):
self._check_conflicts()
self._process_dependent_arguments()
self._setup_join_conditions()
self._check_cascade_settings(self._cascade)
self._post_init()
self._generate_backref()
self._join_condition._warn_for_conflicting_sync_targets()
super(RelationshipProperty, self).do_init()
self._lazy_strategy = self._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
def _process_dependent_arguments(self):
"""Convert incoming configuration arguments to their
proper form.
Callables are resolved, ORM annotations removed.
# accept callables for other attributes which may require
# deferred initialization. This technique is used
# by declarative "string configs" and some recipes.
for attr in (
"order_by",
"primaryjoin",
"secondaryjoin",
"secondary",
"_user_defined_foreign_keys",
"remote_side",
attr_value = getattr(self, attr)
if util.callable(attr_value):
setattr(self, attr, attr_value())
# remove "annotations" which are present if mapped class
# descriptors are used to create the join expression.
for attr in "primaryjoin", "secondaryjoin":
val = getattr(self, attr)
if val is not None:
setattr(
self,
attr,
_orm_deannotate(
expression._only_column_elements(val, attr)
# ensure expressions in self.order_by, foreign_keys,
# remote_side are all columns, not strings.
if self.order_by is not False and self.order_by is not None:
self.order_by = [
expression._only_column_elements(x, "order_by")
for x in util.to_list(self.order_by)
self._user_defined_foreign_keys = util.column_set(
expression._only_column_elements(x, "foreign_keys")
for x in util.to_column_set(self._user_defined_foreign_keys)
self.remote_side = util.column_set(
expression._only_column_elements(x, "remote_side")
for x in util.to_column_set(self.remote_side)
self.target = self.entity.persist_selectable
def _setup_join_conditions(self):
self._join_condition = jc = JoinCondition(
parent_persist_selectable=self.parent.persist_selectable,
child_persist_selectable=self.entity.persist_selectable,
parent_local_selectable=self.parent.local_table,
child_local_selectable=self.entity.local_table,
primaryjoin=self.primaryjoin,
secondary=self.secondary,
secondaryjoin=self.secondaryjoin,
parent_equivalents=self.parent._equivalent_columns,
child_equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
consider_as_foreign_keys=self._user_defined_foreign_keys,
local_remote_pairs=self.local_remote_pairs,
remote_side=self.remote_side,
self_referential=self._is_self_referential,
prop=self,
support_sync=not self.viewonly,
can_be_synced_fn=self._columns_are_mapped,
self.primaryjoin = jc.primaryjoin
self.secondaryjoin = jc.secondaryjoin
self.direction = jc.direction
self.local_remote_pairs = jc.local_remote_pairs
self.remote_side = jc.remote_columns
self.local_columns = jc.local_columns
self.synchronize_pairs = jc.synchronize_pairs
self._calculated_foreign_keys = jc.foreign_key_columns
self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = jc.secondary_synchronize_pairs
def _check_conflicts(self):
"""Test that this relationship is legal, warn about
inheritance conflicts."""
if self.parent.non_primary and not mapperlib.class_mapper(
self.parent.class_, configure=False
).has_property(self.key):
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Attempting to assign a new "
"relationship '%s' to a non-primary mapper on "
"class '%s'. New relationships can only be added "
"to the primary mapper, i.e. the very first mapper "
"created for class '%s' "
self.key,
self.parent.class_.__name__,
self.parent.class_.__name__,
@property
def cascade(self):
"""Return the current cascade setting for this
:class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
return self._cascade
@cascade.setter
def cascade(self, cascade):
self._set_cascade(cascade)
def _set_cascade(self, cascade, warn=True):
cascade = CascadeOptions(cascade)
if warn and self.viewonly:
non_viewonly = set(cascade).difference(
CascadeOptions._viewonly_cascades
if non_viewonly:
# we are warning here rather than warn deprecated as this
# setting actively does the wrong thing and Python shows
# regular warnings more aggressively than deprecation warnings
# by default. There's no other guard against setting active
# persistence cascades under viewonly=True so this will raise
# in 1.4.
util.warn(
'Cascade settings "%s" should not be combined with a '
"viewonly=True relationship. This configuration will "
"raise an error in version 1.4. Note that in versions "
"prior to 1.4, "
"these cascade settings may still produce a mutating "
"effect even though this relationship is marked as "
"viewonly=True." % (", ".join(sorted(non_viewonly)))
if "mapper" in self.__dict__:
self._check_cascade_settings(cascade)
self._cascade = cascade
if self._dependency_processor:
self._dependency_processor.cascade = cascade
def _check_cascade_settings(self, cascade):
if (
cascade.delete_orphan
and not self.single_parent
and (self.direction is MANYTOMANY or self.direction is MANYTOONE)
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"On %s, delete-orphan cascade is not supported "
"on a many-to-many or many-to-one relationship "
"when single_parent is not set. Set "
"single_parent=True on the relationship()." % self
if self.direction is MANYTOONE and self.passive_deletes:
util.warn(
"On %s, 'passive_deletes' is normally configured "
"on one-to-many, one-to-one, many-to-many "
"relationships only." % self
if self.passive_deletes == "all" and (
"delete" in cascade or "delete-orphan" in cascade
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"On %s, can't set passive_deletes='all' in conjunction "
"with 'delete' or 'delete-orphan' cascade" % self
if cascade.delete_orphan:
self.mapper.primary_mapper()._delete_orphans.append(
(self.key, self.parent.class_)
def _persists_for(self, mapper):
"""Return True if this property will persist values on behalf
of the given mapper.
return (
self.key in mapper.relationships
and mapper.relationships[self.key] is self
def _columns_are_mapped(self, *cols):
"""Return True if all columns in the given collection are
mapped by the tables referenced by this :class:`.Relationship`.
for c in cols:
if (
self.secondary is not None
and self.secondary.c.contains_column(c)
continue
if not self.parent.persist_selectable.c.contains_column(
) and not self.target.c.contains_column(c):
return False
return True
def _generate_backref(self):
"""Interpret the 'backref' instruction to create a
:func:`.relationship` complementary to this one."""
if self.parent.non_primary:
return
if self.backref is not None and not self.back_populates:
if isinstance(self.backref, util.string_types):
backref_key, kwargs = self.backref, {}
else:
backref_key, kwargs = self.backref
mapper = self.mapper.primary_mapper()
if not mapper.concrete:
check = set(mapper.iterate_to_root()).union(
mapper.self_and_descendants
for m in check:
if m.has_property(backref_key) and not m.concrete:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Error creating backref "
"'%s' on relationship '%s': property of that "
"name exists on mapper '%s'"
% (backref_key, self, m)
# determine primaryjoin/secondaryjoin for the
# backref. Use the one we had, so that
# a custom join doesn't have to be specified in
# both directions.
if self.secondary is not None:
# for many to many, just switch primaryjoin/
# secondaryjoin. use the annotated
# pj/sj on the _join_condition.
pj = kwargs.pop(
"primaryjoin",
self._join_condition.secondaryjoin_minus_local,
sj = kwargs.pop(
"secondaryjoin",
self._join_condition.primaryjoin_minus_local,
else:
pj = kwargs.pop(
"primaryjoin",
self._join_condition.primaryjoin_reverse_remote,
sj = kwargs.pop("secondaryjoin", None)
if sj:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Can't assign 'secondaryjoin' on a backref "
"against a non-secondary relationship."
foreign_keys = kwargs.pop(
"foreign_keys", self._user_defined_foreign_keys
parent = self.parent.primary_mapper()
kwargs.setdefault("viewonly", self.viewonly)
kwargs.setdefault("post_update", self.post_update)
kwargs.setdefault("passive_updates", self.passive_updates)
self.back_populates = backref_key
relationship = RelationshipProperty(
parent,
self.secondary,
foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
back_populates=self.key,
**kwargs
mapper._configure_property(backref_key, relationship)
if self.back_populates:
self._add_reverse_property(self.back_populates)
def _post_init(self):
if self.uselist is None:
self.uselist = self.direction is not MANYTOONE
if not self.viewonly:
self._dependency_processor = (
dependency.DependencyProcessor.from_relationship
)(self)
@util.memoized_property
def _use_get(self):
"""memoize the 'use_get' attribute of this RelationshipLoader's
lazyloader."""
strategy = self._lazy_strategy
return strategy.use_get
@util.memoized_property
def _is_self_referential(self):
return self.mapper.common_parent(self.parent)
def _create_joins(
self,
source_polymorphic=False,
source_selectable=None,
dest_polymorphic=False,
dest_selectable=None,
of_type_mapper=None,
alias_secondary=False,
aliased = False
if alias_secondary and self.secondary is not None:
aliased = True
if source_selectable is None:
if source_polymorphic and self.parent.with_polymorphic:
source_selectable = self.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
if dest_selectable is None:
dest_selectable = self.entity.selectable
if dest_polymorphic and self.mapper.with_polymorphic:
aliased = True
if self._is_self_referential and source_selectable is None:
dest_selectable = dest_selectable.alias()
aliased = True
elif dest_selectable is not self.mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable:
aliased = True
dest_mapper = of_type_mapper or self.mapper
single_crit = dest_mapper._single_table_criterion
aliased = aliased or (
source_selectable is not None
and (
source_selectable
is not self.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
or source_selectable._is_from_container # e.g an alias
primaryjoin,
secondaryjoin,
secondary,
target_adapter,
dest_selectable,
) = self._join_condition.join_targets(
source_selectable, dest_selectable, aliased, single_crit
if source_selectable is None:
source_selectable = self.parent.local_table
if dest_selectable is None:
dest_selectable = self.entity.local_table
return (
primaryjoin,
secondaryjoin,
source_selectable,
dest_selectable,
secondary,
target_adapter,
def _annotate_columns(element, annotations):
def clone(elem):
if isinstance(elem, expression.ColumnClause):
elem = elem._annotate(annotations.copy())
elem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
return elem
if element is not None:
element = clone(element)
clone = None # remove gc cycles
return element
class JoinCondition(object):
def __init__(
self,
parent_persist_selectable,
child_persist_selectable,
parent_local_selectable,
child_local_selectable,
primaryjoin=None,
secondary=None,
secondaryjoin=None,
parent_equivalents=None,
child_equivalents=None,
consider_as_foreign_keys=None,
local_remote_pairs=None,
remote_side=None,
self_referential=False,
prop=None,
support_sync=True,
can_be_synced_fn=lambda *c: True,
self.parent_persist_selectable = parent_persist_selectable
self.parent_local_selectable = parent_local_selectable
self.child_persist_selectable = child_persist_selectable
self.child_local_selectable = child_local_selectable
self.parent_equivalents = parent_equivalents
self.child_equivalents = child_equivalents
self.primaryjoin = primaryjoin
self.secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin
self.secondary = secondary
self.consider_as_foreign_keys = consider_as_foreign_keys
self._local_remote_pairs = local_remote_pairs
self._remote_side = remote_side
self.prop = prop
self.self_referential = self_referential
self.support_sync = support_sync
self.can_be_synced_fn = can_be_synced_fn
self._determine_joins()
self._sanitize_joins()
self._annotate_fks()
self._annotate_remote()
self._annotate_local()
self._annotate_parentmapper()
self._setup_pairs()
self._check_foreign_cols(self.primaryjoin, True)
if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
self._check_foreign_cols(self.secondaryjoin, False)
self._determine_direction()
self._check_remote_side()
self._log_joins()
def _log_joins(self):
if self.prop is None:
return
log = self.prop.logger
log.info("%s setup primary join %s", self.prop, self.primaryjoin)
log.info("%s setup secondary join %s", self.prop, self.secondaryjoin)
log.info(
"%s synchronize pairs [%s]",
self.prop,
",".join(
"(%s => %s)" % (l, r) for (l, r) in self.synchronize_pairs
log.info(
"%s secondary synchronize pairs [%s]",
self.prop,
",".join(
"(%s => %s)" % (l, r)
for (l, r) in self.secondary_synchronize_pairs or []
log.info(
"%s local/remote pairs [%s]",
self.prop,
",".join(
"(%s / %s)" % (l, r) for (l, r) in self.local_remote_pairs
log.info(
"%s remote columns [%s]",
self.prop,
",".join("%s" % col for col in self.remote_columns),
log.info(
"%s local columns [%s]",
self.prop,
",".join("%s" % col for col in self.local_columns),
log.info("%s relationship direction %s", self.prop, self.direction)
def _sanitize_joins(self):
"""remove the parententity annotation from our join conditions which
can leak in here based on some declarative patterns and maybe others.
We'd want to remove "parentmapper" also, but apparently there's
an exotic use case in _join_fixture_inh_selfref_w_entity
that relies upon it being present, see :ticket:`3364`.
self.primaryjoin = _deep_deannotate(
self.primaryjoin, values=("parententity",)
if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
self.secondaryjoin = _deep_deannotate(
self.secondaryjoin, values=("parententity",)
def _determine_joins(self):
"""Determine the 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' attributes,
if not passed to the constructor already.
This is based on analysis of the foreign key relationships
between the parent and target mapped selectables.
if self.secondaryjoin is not None and self.secondary is None:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Property %s specified with secondary "
"join condition but "
"no secondary argument" % self.prop
# find a join between the given mapper's mapped table and
# the given table. will try the mapper's local table first
# for more specificity, then if not found will try the more
# general mapped table, which in the case of inheritance is
# a join.
try:
consider_as_foreign_keys = self.consider_as_foreign_keys or None
if self.secondary is not None:
if self.secondaryjoin is None:
self.secondaryjoin = join_condition(
self.child_persist_selectable,
self.secondary,
a_subset=self.child_local_selectable,
consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
if self.primaryjoin is None:
self.primaryjoin = join_condition(
self.parent_persist_selectable,
self.secondary,
a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
else:
if self.primaryjoin is None:
self.primaryjoin = join_condition(
self.parent_persist_selectable,
self.child_persist_selectable,
a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
except sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError as nfe:
if self.secondary is not None:
util.raise_(
sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
"Could not determine join "
"condition between parent/child tables on "
"relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
"linking these tables via secondary table '%s'. "
"Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
"with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
"specify 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' "
"expressions." % (self.prop, self.secondary)
from_=nfe,
else:
util.raise_(
sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
"Could not determine join "
"condition between parent/child tables on "
"relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
"linking these tables. "
"Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
"with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
"specify a 'primaryjoin' expression." % self.prop
from_=nfe,
except sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError as afe:
if self.secondary is not None:
util.raise_(
sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
"Could not determine join "
"condition between parent/child tables on "
"relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
"paths linking the tables via secondary table '%s'. "
"Specify the 'foreign_keys' "
"argument, providing a list of those columns which "
"should be counted as containing a foreign key "
"reference from the secondary table to each of the "
"parent and child tables."
% (self.prop, self.secondary)
from_=afe,
else:
util.raise_(
sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
"Could not determine join "
"condition between parent/child tables on "
"relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
"paths linking the tables. Specify the "
"'foreign_keys' argument, providing a list of those "
"columns which should be counted as containing a "
"foreign key reference to the parent table."
% self.prop
from_=afe,
@property
def primaryjoin_minus_local(self):
return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin, values=("local", "remote"))
@property
def secondaryjoin_minus_local(self):
return _deep_deannotate(self.secondaryjoin, values=("local", "remote"))
@util.memoized_property
def primaryjoin_reverse_remote(self):
"""Return the primaryjoin condition suitable for the
"reverse" direction.
If the primaryjoin was delivered here with pre-existing
"remote" annotations, the local/remote annotations
are reversed. Otherwise, the local/remote annotations
are removed.
if self._has_remote_annotations:
def replace(element):
if "remote" in element._annotations:
v = element._annotations.copy()
del v["remote"]
v["local"] = True
return element._with_annotations(v)
elif "local" in element._annotations:
v = element._annotations.copy()
del v["local"]
v["remote"] = True
return element._with_annotations(v)
return visitors.replacement_traverse(self.primaryjoin, {}, replace)
else:
if self._has_foreign_annotations:
# TODO: coverage
return _deep_deannotate(
self.primaryjoin, values=("local", "remote")
else:
return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin)
def _has_annotation(self, clause, annotation):
for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {}):
if annotation in col._annotations:
return True
else:
return False
@util.memoized_property
def _has_foreign_annotations(self):
return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "foreign")
@util.memoized_property
def _has_remote_annotations(self):
return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "remote")
def _annotate_fks(self):
"""Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
structures with 'foreign' annotations marking columns
considered as foreign.
if self._has_foreign_annotations:
return
if self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
self._annotate_from_fk_list()
else:
self._annotate_present_fks()
def _annotate_from_fk_list(self):
def check_fk(col):
if col in self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
return col._annotate({"foreign": True})
self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, check_fk
if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
self.secondaryjoin, {}, check_fk
def _annotate_present_fks(self):
if self.secondary is not None:
secondarycols = util.column_set(self.secondary.c)
else:
secondarycols = set()
def is_foreign(a, b):
if isinstance(a, schema.Column) and isinstance(b, schema.Column):
if a.references(b):
return a
elif b.references(a):
return b
if secondarycols:
if a in secondarycols and b not in secondarycols:
return a
elif b in secondarycols and a not in secondarycols:
return b
def visit_binary(binary):
if not isinstance(
binary.left, sql.ColumnElement
) or not isinstance(binary.right, sql.ColumnElement):
return
if (
"foreign" not in binary.left._annotations
and "foreign" not in binary.right._annotations
col = is_foreign(binary.left, binary.right)
if col is not None:
if col.compare(binary.left):
binary.left = binary.left._annotate({"foreign": True})
elif col.compare(binary.right):
binary.right = binary.right._annotate(
{"foreign": True}
self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
self.secondaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
self.secondaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
def _refers_to_parent_table(self):
"""Return True if the join condition contains column
comparisons where both columns are in both tables.
pt = self.parent_persist_selectable
mt = self.child_persist_selectable
result = [False]
def visit_binary(binary):
c, f = binary.left, binary.right
if (
isinstance(c, expression.ColumnClause)
and isinstance(f, expression.ColumnClause)
and pt.is_derived_from(c.table)
and pt.is_derived_from(f.table)
and mt.is_derived_from(c.table)
and mt.is_derived_from(f.table)
result[0] = True
visitors.traverse(self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
return result[0]
def _tables_overlap(self):
"""Return True if parent/child tables have some overlap."""
return selectables_overlap(
self.parent_persist_selectable, self.child_persist_selectable
def _annotate_remote(self):
"""Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
structures with 'remote' annotations marking columns
considered as part of the 'remote' side.
if self._has_remote_annotations:
return
if self.secondary is not None:
self._annotate_remote_secondary()
elif self._local_remote_pairs or self._remote_side:
self._annotate_remote_from_args()
elif self._refers_to_parent_table():
self._annotate_selfref(
lambda col: "foreign" in col._annotations, False
elif self._tables_overlap():
self._annotate_remote_with_overlap()
else:
self._annotate_remote_distinct_selectables()
def _annotate_remote_secondary(self):
"""annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
when 'secondary' is present.
def repl(element):
if self.secondary.c.contains_column(element):
return element._annotate({"remote": True})
self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
self.secondaryjoin, {}, repl
def _annotate_selfref(self, fn, remote_side_given):
"""annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
when the relationship is detected as self-referential.
def visit_binary(binary):
equated = binary.left.compare(binary.right)
if isinstance(binary.left, expression.ColumnClause) and isinstance(
binary.right, expression.ColumnClause
# assume one to many - FKs are "remote"
if fn(binary.left):
binary.left = binary.left._annotate({"remote": True})
if fn(binary.right) and not equated:
binary.right = binary.right._annotate({"remote": True})
elif not remote_side_given:
self._warn_non_column_elements()
self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
def _annotate_remote_from_args(self):
"""annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
when the 'remote_side' or '_local_remote_pairs'
arguments are used.
if self._local_remote_pairs:
if self._remote_side:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"remote_side argument is redundant "
"against more detailed _local_remote_side "
"argument."
remote_side = [r for (l, r) in self._local_remote_pairs]
else:
remote_side = self._remote_side
if self._refers_to_parent_table():
self._annotate_selfref(lambda col: col in remote_side, True)
else:
def repl(element):
if element in remote_side:
return element._annotate({"remote": True})
self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
def _annotate_remote_with_overlap(self):
"""annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
when the parent/child tables have some set of
tables in common, though is not a fully self-referential
relationship.
def visit_binary(binary):
binary.left, binary.right = proc_left_right(
binary.left, binary.right
binary.right, binary.left = proc_left_right(
binary.right, binary.left
check_entities = (
self.prop is not None and self.prop.mapper is not self.prop.parent
def proc_left_right(left, right):
if isinstance(left, expression.ColumnClause) and isinstance(
right, expression.ColumnClause
if self.child_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(
right
) and self.parent_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(left):
right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
elif (
check_entities
and right._annotations.get("parentmapper") is self.prop.mapper
right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
elif (
check_entities
and left._annotations.get("parentmapper") is self.prop.mapper
left = left._annotate({"remote": True})
else:
self._warn_non_column_elements()
return left, right
self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
def _annotate_remote_distinct_selectables(self):
"""annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
when the parent/child tables are entirely
separate.
def repl(element):
if self.child_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(element) and (
not self.parent_local_selectable.c.contains_column(element)
or self.child_local_selectable.c.contains_column(element)
return element._annotate({"remote": True})
self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
def _warn_non_column_elements(self):
util.warn(
"Non-simple column elements in primary "
"join condition for property %s - consider using "
"remote() annotations to mark the remote side." % self.prop
def _annotate_local(self):
"""Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
structures with 'local' annotations.
This annotates all column elements found
simultaneously in the parent table
and the join condition that don't have a
'remote' annotation set up from
_annotate_remote() or user-defined.
if self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "local"):
return
if self._local_remote_pairs:
local_side = util.column_set(
[l for (l, r) in self._local_remote_pairs]
else:
local_side = util.column_set(self.parent_persist_selectable.c)
def locals_(elem):
if "remote" not in elem._annotations and elem in local_side:
return elem._annotate({"local": True})
self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, locals_
def _annotate_parentmapper(self):
if self.prop is None:
return
def parentmappers_(elem):
if "remote" in elem._annotations:
return elem._annotate({"parentmapper": self.prop.mapper})
elif "local" in elem._annotations:
return elem._annotate({"parentmapper": self.prop.parent})
self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
self.primaryjoin, {}, parentmappers_
def _check_remote_side(self):
if not self.local_remote_pairs:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Relationship %s could "
"not determine any unambiguous local/remote column "
"pairs based on join condition and remote_side "
"arguments. "
"Consider using the remote() annotation to "
"accurately mark those elements of the join "
"condition that are on the remote side of "
"the relationship." % (self.prop,)
def _check_foreign_cols(self, join_condition, primary):
"""Check the foreign key columns collected and emit error
messages."""
can_sync = False
foreign_cols = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
join_condition, "foreign"
has_foreign = bool(foreign_cols)
if primary:
can_sync = bool(self.synchronize_pairs)
else:
can_sync = bool(self.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
if (
self.support_sync
and can_sync
or (not self.support_sync and has_foreign)
return
# from here below is just determining the best error message
# to report. Check for a join condition using any operator
# (not just ==), perhaps they need to turn on "viewonly=True".
if self.support_sync and has_foreign and not can_sync:
err = (
"Could not locate any simple equality expressions "
"involving locally mapped foreign key columns for "
"%s join condition "
"'%s' on relationship %s."
primary and "primary" or "secondary",
join_condition,
self.prop,
err += (
" Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
"with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are "
"annotated in the join condition with the foreign() "
"annotation. To allow comparison operators other than "
"'==', the relationship can be marked as viewonly=True."
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
else:
err = (
"Could not locate any relevant foreign key columns "
"for %s join condition '%s' on relationship %s."
primary and "primary" or "secondary",
join_condition,
self.prop,
err += (
" Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
"with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are "
"annotated in the join condition with the foreign() "
"annotation."
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
def _determine_direction(self):
"""Determine if this relationship is one to many, many to one,
many to many.
if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
self.direction = MANYTOMANY
else:
parentcols = util.column_set(self.parent_persist_selectable.c)
targetcols = util.column_set(self.child_persist_selectable.c)
# fk collection which suggests ONETOMANY.
onetomany_fk = targetcols.intersection(self.foreign_key_columns)
# fk collection which suggests MANYTOONE.
manytoone_fk = parentcols.intersection(self.foreign_key_columns)
if onetomany_fk and manytoone_fk:
# fks on both sides. test for overlap of local/remote
# with foreign key.
# we will gather columns directly from their annotations
# without deannotating, so that we can distinguish on a column
# that refers to itself.
# 1. columns that are both remote and FK suggest
# onetomany.
onetomany_local = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
self.primaryjoin, "remote", "foreign"
# 2. columns that are FK but are not remote (e.g. local)
# suggest manytoone.
manytoone_local = set(
for c in self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
self.primaryjoin, "foreign"
if "remote" not in c._annotations
# 3. if both collections are present, remove columns that
# refer to themselves. This is for the case of
# and_(Me.id == Me.remote_id, Me.version == Me.version)
if onetomany_local and manytoone_local:
self_equated = self.remote_columns.intersection(
self.local_columns
onetomany_local = onetomany_local.difference(self_equated)
manytoone_local = manytoone_local.difference(self_equated)
# at this point, if only one or the other collection is
# present, we know the direction, otherwise it's still
# ambiguous.
if onetomany_local and not manytoone_local:
self.direction = ONETOMANY
elif manytoone_local and not onetomany_local:
self.direction = MANYTOONE
else:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Can't determine relationship"
" direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
"key columns within the join condition are present "
"in both the parent and the child's mapped tables. "
"Ensure that only those columns referring "
"to a parent column are marked as foreign, "
"either via the foreign() annotation or "
"via the foreign_keys argument." % self.prop
elif onetomany_fk:
self.direction = ONETOMANY
elif manytoone_fk:
self.direction = MANYTOONE
else:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Can't determine relationship "
"direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
"key columns are present in neither the parent "
"nor the child's mapped tables" % self.prop
def _deannotate_pairs(self, collection):
"""provide deannotation for the various lists of
pairs, so that using them in hashes doesn't incur
high-overhead __eq__() comparisons against
original columns mapped.
return [(x._deannotate(), y._deannotate()) for x, y in collection]
def _setup_pairs(self):
sync_pairs = []
lrp = util.OrderedSet([])
secondary_sync_pairs = []
def go(joincond, collection):
def visit_binary(binary, left, right):
if (
"remote" in right._annotations
and "remote" not in left._annotations
and self.can_be_synced_fn(left)
lrp.add((left, right))
elif (
"remote" in left._annotations
and "remote" not in right._annotations
and self.can_be_synced_fn(right)
lrp.add((right, left))
if binary.operator is operators.eq and self.can_be_synced_fn(
left, right
if "foreign" in right._annotations:
collection.append((left, right))
elif "foreign" in left._annotations:
collection.append((right, left))
visit_binary_product(visit_binary, joincond)
for joincond, collection in [
(self.primaryjoin, sync_pairs),
(self.secondaryjoin, secondary_sync_pairs),
if joincond is None:
continue
go(joincond, collection)
self.local_remote_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(lrp)
self.synchronize_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(sync_pairs)
self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(
secondary_sync_pairs
_track_overlapping_sync_targets = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
def _warn_for_conflicting_sync_targets(self):
if not self.support_sync:
return
# we would like to detect if we are synchronizing any column
# pairs in conflict with another relationship that wishes to sync
# an entirely different column to the same target. This is a
# very rare edge case so we will try to minimize the memory/overhead
# impact of this check
for from_, to_ in [
(from_, to_) for (from_, to_) in self.synchronize_pairs
] + [
(from_, to_) for (from_, to_) in self.secondary_synchronize_pairs
# save ourselves a ton of memory and overhead by only
# considering columns that are subject to a overlapping
# FK constraints at the core level. This condition can arise
# if multiple relationships overlap foreign() directly, but
# we're going to assume it's typically a ForeignKeyConstraint-
# level configuration that benefits from this warning.
if len(to_.foreign_keys) < 2:
continue
if to_ not in self._track_overlapping_sync_targets:
self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[
] = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary({self.prop: from_})
else:
other_props = []
prop_to_from = self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_]
for pr, fr_ in prop_to_from.items():
if (
pr.mapper in mapperlib._mapper_registry
and (
self.prop._persists_for(pr.parent)
or pr._persists_for(self.prop.parent)
and fr_ is not from_
and pr not in self.prop._reverse_property
other_props.append((pr, fr_))
if other_props:
util.warn(
"relationship '%s' will copy column %s to column %s, "
"which conflicts with relationship(s): %s. "
"Consider applying "
"viewonly=True to read-only relationships, or provide "
"a primaryjoin condition marking writable columns "
"with the foreign() annotation."
self.prop,
from_,
to_,
", ".join(
"'%s' (copies %s to %s)" % (pr, fr_, to_)
for (pr, fr_) in other_props
self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_][self.prop] = from_
@util.memoized_property
def remote_columns(self):
return self._gather_join_annotations("remote")
@util.memoized_property
def local_columns(self):
return self._gather_join_annotations("local")
@util.memoized_property
def foreign_key_columns(self):
return self._gather_join_annotations("foreign")
def _gather_join_annotations(self, annotation):
s = set(
self._gather_columns_with_annotation(self.primaryjoin, annotation)
if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
s.update(
self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
self.secondaryjoin, annotation
return {x._deannotate() for x in s}
def _gather_columns_with_annotation(self, clause, *annotation):
annotation = set(annotation)
return set(
for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {})
if annotation.issubset(col._annotations)
def join_targets(
self, source_selectable, dest_selectable, aliased, single_crit=None
"""Given a source and destination selectable, create a
join between them.
This takes into account aliasing the join clause
to reference the appropriate corresponding columns
in the target objects, as well as the extra child
criterion, equivalent column sets, etc.
# place a barrier on the destination such that
# replacement traversals won't ever dig into it.
# its internal structure remains fixed
# regardless of context.
dest_selectable = _shallow_annotate(
dest_selectable, {"no_replacement_traverse": True}
primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary = (
self.primaryjoin,
self.secondaryjoin,
self.secondary,
# adjust the join condition for single table inheritance,
# in the case that the join is to a subclass
# this is analogous to the
# "_adjust_for_single_table_inheritance()" method in Query.
if single_crit is not None:
if secondaryjoin is not None:
secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin & single_crit
else:
primaryjoin = primaryjoin & single_crit
if aliased:
if secondary is not None:
secondary = secondary.alias(flat=True)
primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
secondary, exclude_fn=_ColInAnnotations("local")
secondary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
dest_selectable, equivalents=self.child_equivalents
).chain(primary_aliasizer)
if source_selectable is not None:
primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
secondary, exclude_fn=_ColInAnnotations("local")
).chain(
ClauseAdapter(
source_selectable,
equivalents=self.parent_equivalents,
secondaryjoin = secondary_aliasizer.traverse(secondaryjoin)
else:
primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
dest_selectable,
exclude_fn=_ColInAnnotations("local"),
equivalents=self.child_equivalents,
if source_selectable is not None:
primary_aliasizer.chain(
ClauseAdapter(
source_selectable,
exclude_fn=_ColInAnnotations("remote"),
equivalents=self.parent_equivalents,
secondary_aliasizer = None
primaryjoin = primary_aliasizer.traverse(primaryjoin)
target_adapter = secondary_aliasizer or primary_aliasizer
target_adapter.exclude_fn = None
else:
target_adapter = None
return (
primaryjoin,
secondaryjoin,
secondary,
target_adapter,
dest_selectable,
def create_lazy_clause(self, reverse_direction=False):
binds = util.column_dict()
equated_columns = util.column_dict()
has_secondary = self.secondaryjoin is not None
if has_secondary:
lookup = collections.defaultdict(list)
for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
lookup[l].append((l, r))
equated_columns[r] = l
elif not reverse_direction:
for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
equated_columns[r] = l
else:
for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
equated_columns[l] = r
def col_to_bind(col):
if (
(not reverse_direction and "local" in col._annotations)
or reverse_direction
and (
(has_secondary and col in lookup)
or (not has_secondary and "remote" in col._annotations)
if col not in binds:
binds[col] = sql.bindparam(
None, None, type_=col.type, unique=True
return binds[col]
return None
lazywhere = self.primaryjoin
if self.secondaryjoin is None or not reverse_direction:
lazywhere = visitors.replacement_traverse(
lazywhere, {}, col_to_bind
if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
secondaryjoin = self.secondaryjoin
if reverse_direction:
secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
secondaryjoin, {}, col_to_bind
lazywhere = sql.and_(lazywhere, secondaryjoin)
bind_to_col = {binds[col].key: col for col in binds}
return lazywhere, bind_to_col, equated_columns
class _ColInAnnotations(object):
"""Seralizable equivalent to:
lambda c: "name" in c._annotations
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __call__(self, c):
return self.name in c._annotations
