Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi.
2022 Jan 3; 36(1): 8–13.
Language:
Chinese
|
English
嗅球体积对上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍患者的预后评估
Prognostic value of olfactory bulb volume in patients with post-viral olfactory dysfunction
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郭 怡辰
首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(北京,100029),
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
姚 淋尹
首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(北京,100029),
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
孙 智甫
首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(北京,100029),
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
黄 小兵
首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(北京,100029),
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
刘 佳
首都儿童研究所耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics
魏 永祥
首都儿童研究所耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics
首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(北京,100029),
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
首都儿童研究所耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics
95%
CI
β
P
值病程0.6770.461~0.993-0.3910.046治疗前T值263.8061.028~67 675.8845.5750.049治疗前D值27.3730.891~840.9623.3100.058治疗前I值33.5550.914~1232.0523.5130.056治疗前TDI0.0360.001~1.188-3.3300.062OBV1.1601.002~1.3430.1480.047
2.5. ROC曲线分析嗅觉功能预后相关因素
预测模型对于PVOD患者嗅觉功能预后判断准确性较好,预测价值明显高于单一危险因子。以OBV预测嗅觉功能预后价值较好,ROC曲线下面积为0.888(0.797~0.979,
P
< 0.001),以OBV≥78.50 mm
3
正确诊断指数判断嗅觉功能预后良好,其特异性为0.818,敏感性为0.840。高于病程和T值这一预测因素,病程ROC曲线下面积为0.822(0.703~0.940,
P
< 0.001),以病程≤6个月为正确诊断指数判断嗅觉功能预后良好,其特异性为0.727,敏感性为0.800;T值ROC曲线下面积为0.793(0.662~0.924,
P
=0.001),以T值≥1.25为正确诊断指数判断嗅觉功能预后良好,其特异性为0.818,敏感性为0.680。见
。
3. 讨论
本回顾性研究的主要发现:①PVOD患者预后与嗅觉障碍病程相关,病程≤6个月提示预后较好;②嗅觉功能改善组患者的各项嗅觉功能损伤程度明显低于嗅觉功能无改善组,其中T值与预后相关,T值≥1.25提示预后良好;③嗅觉功能改善组患者的OBV明显大于嗅觉功能无改善组,OBV≥78.50 mm
3
提示预后良好,其预后判断价值较大。
根据现有研究及指南,PVOD的推荐治疗为嗅觉训练。本研究中PVOD患者的嗅觉功能改善率为53.2%,与其他研究嗅觉恢复率28.0%~59.6%相似
[
9
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。Hummel等
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17
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首先报道用嗅觉训练治疗嗅觉障碍。随着对嗅觉训练研究的不断深入,现有的训练方法包括经典的四种气味的嗅觉训练(即苯乙醇-玫瑰、桉树醇-桉树、香茅醛-柠檬、丁香酚-丁香,训练12周)
[
17
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和改良嗅觉训练(三组四种不同的气味,即经典气味,薄荷、百里香、橘子和茉莉花的气味,绿茶、佛手柑、迷迭香和栀子花的气味。分别训练12周,共36周)
[
20
]
。训练时间越长,训练气味种类越多,治疗效果越好
[
20
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。考虑到患者依从性和中国人对桉树气味的不熟悉,我们选择了经典的四种气味的嗅觉训练16周,并使用改良的嗅觉训练中的薄荷醇代替桉树醇。
以往研究中
[
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,病因、性别、年龄、吸烟行为、嗅觉障碍的程度和病程、随访时间是影响嗅觉障碍预后的可能因素,是否患有变应性鼻炎不影响PVOD的预后。本研究表明,虽然两组患者在性别和年龄上差异无统计学意义,但我们发现嗅觉功能改善组患者中,女性较多,同时年龄更年轻。在对随访患者的研究中,病程均具有预测价值,对预后的诊断准确性中等,病程≤6个月提示预后较好。就诊时嗅觉功能的损伤程度和嗅觉障碍病程与嗅觉功能预后密切相关。不同的嗅觉功能测试表明,嗅觉功能损伤程度是最有价值的预后因素,但不同类型嗅觉功能和预后之间的关系尚不清楚。本研究采用Sniffin'Sticks测试,包括T值、D值和I值测试,结果表明,嗅觉功能改善组和无改善组的嗅觉阈值、辨别能力和识别能力均有显著性差异,经多因素logistic回归和ROC曲线分析,T值均具有预测价值,对预后的诊断准确性中等,T值≥1.25提示预后较好。先前的研究结果表明
[
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,气味阈值的确定主要由低级知觉功能驱动,而识别和辨别则依赖于个体的认知能力。此外,气味阈值已经被证明与嗅球的体积相关,嗅球是一种与周围感觉输入相关的结构
[
25
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。本研究结果进一步证实PVOD的外周嗅觉功能受损程度与预后有关。
嗅通路MRI可以从形态学方面客观地评估嗅裂区黏膜状态、嗅球、嗅束、嗅沟等结构。气味分子首先到达嗅上皮,与嗅觉感受器神经元的感觉末梢接触。轴突投射随后通过嗅球传递到皮层
[
26
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,并在基底额叶和颞叶内侧的几个区域终止,包括梨状皮层、杏仁核周围、前部皮层和内嗅皮层
[
27
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。这些接收来自嗅球的直接输入的皮层区域统称为“初级嗅觉皮层”。初级嗅觉皮层的皮层目标包括边缘叶和额叶皮层的不同大脑区域,包括额外的杏仁核亚核、眶额皮质、海马、海马旁回、扣带皮层、岛叶、下丘脑纹状体和丘脑背内侧
[
28
-
30
]
。嗅球整合了气味输入和高级嗅觉皮层区域的中枢活动。对嗅觉障碍患者嗅通路MRI的研究显示
[
14
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25
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31
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33
]
,OBV的大小与病程、前鼻和后鼻嗅觉功能检查结果有很好的相关性,与患者年龄、性别、嗅觉倒错和病因无明显相关性。这些结果提示嗅球具有高度的可塑性,OBV大小取决于传入神经激活水平,可以反映患者外周嗅觉损伤程度
[
25
,
32
,
34
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。PVOD患者嗅通路MRI显示OBV减小
[
32
,
35
]
,右侧眶额皮质灰质体积显著减少
[
35
]
,而对于嗅沟深度的改善存在争议
[
34
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36
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。以上结果均提示OBV可能作为PVOD患者的预后指标之一。Rombaux等
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14
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对60例PVOD和外伤性嗅觉障碍患者进行>1年的随访后发现,嗅觉功能改善患者的OBV较嗅觉功能无改善患者大,且差异有统计学意义;双侧OBV之和≤40 mm
3
的患者嗅觉功能无改善。本研究仅纳入PVOD患者,随访≥1年,嗅觉功能改善组患者的OBV明显大于嗅觉功能无改善组。以OBV≥78.50 mm
3
为正确诊断指数判断嗅觉功能预后较好,ROC曲线下面积为0.888(特异性为0.818,敏感性为0.840)。
本研究有以下局限性:①这是一项回顾性研究,样本量较小,该结果还需要在一个大型的前瞻性队列研究中进一步验证;②在今后的研究中我们会完成治疗后嗅觉障碍患者嗅通路MRI检查结果,增加治疗后OBV变化的分析,增加OBV对预后研究的价值;③本研究仅探讨了OBV与预后的关系,今后还需对嗅觉皮层相关脑区及其功能变化与预后的关系进行研究。
综上,PVOD患者嗅觉功能预后与病程、嗅觉损伤程度和OBV有关。嗅觉功能无改善者较嗅觉功能改善者病程延长,嗅觉损伤程度加重和OBV减小。病程≤6个月、T值≥1.25和OBV≥78.50 mm
3
均提示预后良好,且客观嗅觉检查结果对嗅觉功能预后的评估价值更大。
Funding Statement
北京学者计划(NO.051);北京市医院管理中心“使命”人才计划(No:SML20190601)
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