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Material touch ripples</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/dismissible">Implement swipe to dismiss</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-11-3" href="/ui/interactivity/input" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-11-3">Input &amp; forms</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-11-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-input">Create and style a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/retrieve-input">Retrieve the value of a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-field-changes">Handle changes to a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/focus">Manage focus in text fields</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" 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data from a screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/drawer">Add a drawer to a screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/deep-linking">Setup deep linking</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-app-links">Setup app links for Android</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-universal-links">Setup universal links for iOS</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/url-strategies">Configure web URL strategies</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-14" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-14">Animations &amp; transitions</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-14"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/tutorial">Tutorial</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/implicit-animations">Implicit animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/animated-container">Animate the properties of a container</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/opacity-animation">Fade a widget in and out</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/hero-animations">Hero animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/page-route-animation">Animate a page route transition</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/physics-simulation">Animate using a physic simulation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/staggered-animations">Staggered animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/staggered-menu-animation">Create a staggered menu animation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/overview">API overview</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-15" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-15">Accessibility &amp; internationalization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-15"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/internationalization">Internationalization</a></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidebar-primary-divider"/></li><li class="nav-header">Beyond UI</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-18" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-18">Data &amp; backend</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-18"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-18-1" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-18-1">State management</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-18-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/intro">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/declarative">Think declaratively</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/ephemeral-vs-app">Ephemeral vs app state</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/simple">Simple app state management</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/options">Options</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-18-2" href="/data-and-backend/networking" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-18-2">Networking &amp; http</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-18-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/networking">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/fetch-data">Fetch data from the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/authenticated-requests">Make authenticated requests</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/send-data">Send data to the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/update-data">Update data over the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/delete-data">Delete data on the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/web-sockets">Communicate with WebSockets</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-18-3" href="/data-and-backend/serialization" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-18-3">Serialization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-18-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/serialization/json">JSON serialization</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/background-parsing">Parse JSON in the background</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-18-4" href="/data-and-backend/persistence" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-18-4">Persistence</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-18-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/key-value">Store key-value data on disk</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/reading-writing-files">Read and write files</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/sqlite">Persist data with SQLite</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/firebase">Firebase</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/google-apis">Google APIs</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-19" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-19">Platform integration</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-19"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/reference/supported-platforms">Supported platforms</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/desktop">Build desktop apps with Flutter</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-channels">Write platform-specific code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-adaptations">Automatic platform adaptations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-19-5" href="/platform-integration/android" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-19-5">Android</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-19-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/install-android">Add Android as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/splash-screen">Add a splash screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/c-interop">Bind to native code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/platform-views">Host a native Android view</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/restore-state-android">Restore state on Android</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/chromeos">Target ChromeOS with Android</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-19-6" href="/platform-integration/ios" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-19-6">iOS</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-19-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/install-ios">Add iOS as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" 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href="/ui">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/widgets">Widget catalog</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-9" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-9">Layout</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-9"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/tutorial">Build a layout</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-9-3" href="/ui/layout/lists" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-9-3">Lists &amp; grids</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-9-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/basic-list">Create and use lists</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" 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slivers to achieve fancy scrolling</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/floating-app-bar">Place a floating app bar above a list</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/parallax-scrolling">Create a scrolling parallax effect</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-9-5" href="/ui/layout/responsive" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-9-5">Adaptive design</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-9-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/responsive/adaptive-responsive">Adaptive and responsive app design</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/responsive/building-adaptive-apps">Build an adaptive app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/orientation">Update app UI based on orientation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-10" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-10">Design &amp; theming</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-10"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/themes">Share styles with themes</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/material">Material design</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/release/breaking-changes/material-3-migration">Migrate to Material 3</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-10-4" href="/ui/design/text" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-10-4">Text</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-10-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/text/typography">Fonts &amp; typography</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/fonts">Use a custom font</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/package-fonts">Export fonts from a package</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/google_fonts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Fonts package</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-10-5" href="/ui/design/graphics" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-10-5">Custom graphics</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-10-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/graphics/fragment-shaders">Use custom fragment shaders</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-11" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-11">Interactivity</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-11"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity">Add interactivity to your app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-11-2" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-11-2">Gestures</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-11-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/handling-taps">Handle taps</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures/drag-outside">Drag an object outside an app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/drag-a-widget">Drag a UI element within an app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/ripples">Add Material touch ripples</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/dismissible">Implement swipe to dismiss</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-11-3" href="/ui/interactivity/input" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-11-3">Input &amp; forms</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-11-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-input">Create and style a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/retrieve-input">Retrieve the value of a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-field-changes">Handle changes to a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/focus">Manage focus in text fields</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/validation">Build a form with validation</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/snackbars">Display a snackbar</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/actions-and-shortcuts">Implement actions &amp; shortcuts</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/focus">Manage keyboard focus</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-12" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-12">Assets &amp; media</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-12"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/assets-and-images">Add assets and images</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/network-image">Display images from the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/fading-in-images">Fade in images with a placeholder</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/play-video">Play and pause a video</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-13" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-13">Navigation &amp; routing</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-13"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/tabs">Add tabs to your app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/navigation-basics">Navigate to a new screen and back</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/passing-data">Send data to a new screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/returning-data">Return data from a screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/drawer">Add a drawer to a screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/deep-linking">Setup deep linking</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-app-links">Setup app links for Android</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-universal-links">Setup universal links for iOS</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/url-strategies">Configure web URL strategies</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-14" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-14">Animations &amp; transitions</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-14"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/tutorial">Tutorial</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/implicit-animations">Implicit animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/animated-container">Animate the properties of a container</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/opacity-animation">Fade a widget in and out</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/hero-animations">Hero animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/page-route-animation">Animate a page route transition</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/physics-simulation">Animate using a physic simulation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/staggered-animations">Staggered animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/staggered-menu-animation">Create a staggered menu animation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/overview">API overview</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-15" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-15">Accessibility &amp; internationalization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-15"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/internationalization">Internationalization</a></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidebar-primary-divider"/></li><li class="nav-header">Beyond UI</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-18" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-18">Data &amp; backend</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-18"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-18-1" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-18-1">State management</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-18-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/intro">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/declarative">Think declaratively</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/ephemeral-vs-app">Ephemeral vs app state</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/simple">Simple app state management</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/options">Options</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-18-2" href="/data-and-backend/networking" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-18-2">Networking &amp; http</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-18-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/networking">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/fetch-data">Fetch data from the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/authenticated-requests">Make authenticated requests</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/send-data">Send data to the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/update-data">Update data over the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/delete-data">Delete data on the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/web-sockets">Communicate with WebSockets</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-18-3" href="/data-and-backend/serialization" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-18-3">Serialization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-18-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/serialization/json">JSON serialization</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/background-parsing">Parse JSON in the background</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-18-4" href="/data-and-backend/persistence" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-18-4">Persistence</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-18-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/key-value">Store key-value data on disk</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/reading-writing-files">Read and write files</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/sqlite">Persist data with SQLite</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/firebase">Firebase</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/google-apis">Google APIs</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-19" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-19">Platform integration</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-19"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/reference/supported-platforms">Supported platforms</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/desktop">Build desktop apps with Flutter</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-channels">Write platform-specific code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-adaptations">Automatic platform adaptations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-19-5" href="/platform-integration/android" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-19-5">Android</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-19-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/install-android">Add Android as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/splash-screen">Add a splash screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/c-interop">Bind to native code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/platform-views">Host a native Android view</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/restore-state-android">Restore state on Android</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/chromeos">Target ChromeOS with Android</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-19-6" href="/platform-integration/ios" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-19-6">iOS</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-19-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/install-ios">Add iOS as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/apple-frameworks">Leverage Apple's system libraries</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/launch-screen">Add a launch screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-app-clip">Add iOS App Clip support</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/app-extensions">Add iOS app extensions</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/c-interop">Bind to native code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/platform-views">Host a native iOS view</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-debugging">Enable debugging on iOS</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/restore-state-ios">Restore state on iOS</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-19-7" href="/platform-integration/linux" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-19-7">Linux</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-19-7"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/linux/install-linux">Add Linux as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/linux/building">Build a Linux app</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-19-8" href="/platform-integration/macos" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-19-8">macOS</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-19-8"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/install-macos">Add macOS as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/building">Build a macOS app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/c-interop">C interop</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-19-9" href="/platform-integration/web" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-19-9">Web</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-19-9"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/install-web">Add web as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/building">Build a web app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/faq">Web FAQ</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/renderers">Web renderers</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" 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href="/cookbook/testing/widget/finders">Find widgets</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/scrolling">Simulate scrolling</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/tap-drag">Simulate user interaction</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-21-5" href="#fixed-sidenav-21-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-21-5">Integration testing</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-21-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/integration/introduction">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/integration-tests">Write and run an integration test</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/integration/profiling">Profile an integration test</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/testing-plugins">Test a plugin</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/plugins-in-tests">Handle plugin code in tests</a></li><li class="nav-header">Debugging</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/debugging">Debugging tools</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/code-debugging">Debug your app programmatically</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/native-debugging">Use a native language debugger</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/build-modes">Flutter's build modes</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/common-errors">Common Flutter errors</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/errors">Handle errors</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/maintenance/error-reporting">Report errors to a service</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-22" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-22">Performance &amp; optimization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-22"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/impeller">Impeller</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/best-practices">Performance best practices</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/app-size">App size</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/deferred-components">Deferred components</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/rendering-performance">Rendering performance</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/ui-performance">Performance profiling</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/web-performance">Performance profiling for web</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/shader">Shader compilation jank</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/metrics">Performance metrics</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/isolates">Concurrency and isolates</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/faq">Performance FAQ</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/appendix">Appendix</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-23" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-23">Deployment</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-23"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/obfuscate">Obfuscate Dart code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/flavors">Create flavors of an app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/android">Build and release an Android app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/ios">Build and release an iOS app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/macos">Build and release a macOS app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/linux">Build and release a Linux app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/windows">Build and release a Windows app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/web">Build and release a web app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/cd">Set up continuous deployment</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-24" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-24">Add to an existing app</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-24"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-24-2" href="/add-to-app/android" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-24-2">Add to an Android app</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-24-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/project-setup">Set up Android project</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-screen">Add a single Flutter screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-fragment">Add a Flutter Fragment</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-view">Add a Flutter View</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/plugin-setup">Use a Flutter plugin</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible 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target="_blank" rel="noopener">API reference</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/reference/flutter-cli">flutter CLI reference</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><main class="site-content col-12 col-md-9 offset-md-3 col-xl-8 offset-xl-2 col-xxl-8 offset-xxl-2"><div id="site-toc--side" class="site-toc fixed-col col-xl-2 order-3" data-fixed-column=""><header class="site-toc__title">Contents</header><ul class="section-nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#prepare-for-navigation">Prepare for navigation</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#display-an-app-bar-for-the-setup-flow">Display an app bar for the setup flow</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#generate-nested-routes">Generate nested routes</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#interactive-example">Interactive example</a></li></ul></div><div class="container"><header class="site-content__title"><div id="page-github-links" class="btn-group" aria-label="Page GitHub links" role="group"><a href="https://github.com/flutter/website/tree/main/src/content/cookbook/effects/nested-nav.md" class="btn" title="View page source" target="_blank" rel="noopener">description </a><a href="https://github.com/flutter/website/issues/new?template=1_page_issue.yml&amp;title=[PAGE ISSUE]: 'Create a nested navigation flow'&amp;page-url=https://docs.flutter.dev/cookbook/effects/nested-nav/&amp;page-source=https://github.com/flutter/website/tree/main/src/content/cookbook/effects/nested-nav.md" class="btn" title="Report an issue with this page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bug_report</a></div><h1>Create a nested navigation flow</h1><nav aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol class="breadcrumb" vocab="https://schema.org/" typeof="BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/cookbook" property="item" typeof="WebPage">Cookbook</a><meta property="position" content="0"/></li><li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/cookbook/effects" property="item" typeof="WebPage">Effects</a><meta property="position" content="1"/></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem" aria-current="page"><a href="/cookbook/effects/nested-nav" property="item" typeof="WebPage">Create a nested navigation flow</a><meta property="position" content="2"/></li></ol></nav></header><div id="site-toc--inline" class="site-toc"><header class="site-toc__title">Contents</header><ul class="section-nav"><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#prepare-for-navigation">Prepare for navigation</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#display-an-app-bar-for-the-setup-flow">Display an app bar for the setup flow</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#generate-nested-routes">Generate nested routes</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#interactive-example">Interactive example</a></li></ul></div> <?code-excerpt path-base="cookbook/effects/nested_nav"??> Apps accumulate dozens and then hundreds of routes over time. Some of your routes make sense as top-level (global) routes. For example, "/", "profile", "contact", "social_feed" are all possible top-level routes within your app. But, imagine that you defined every possible route in your top-level <code>Navigator</code> widget. The list would be very long, and many of these routes would be better handled nested within another widget.Consider an Internet of Things (IoT) setup flow for a wireless light bulb that you control with your app. This setup flow consists of 4 pages: find nearby bulbs, select the bulb that you want to add, add the bulb, and then complete the setup. You could orchestrate this behavior from your top-level <code>Navigator</code> widget. However, it makes more sense to define a second, nested <code>Navigator</code> widget within your <code>SetupFlow</code> widget, and let the nested <code>Navigator</code> take ownership over the 4 pages in the setup flow. This delegation of navigation facilitates greater local control, which is generally preferable when developing software.The following animation shows the app's behavior:<img src="/assets/images/docs/cookbook/effects/NestedNavigator.gif" alt="Gif showing the nested &quot;setup&quot; flow" class="site-mobile-screenshot"/>In this recipe, you implement a four-page IoT setup flow that maintains its own navigation nested beneath the top-level <code>Navigator</code> widget.<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="prepare-for-navigation">Prepare for navigation</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#prepare-for-navigation" aria-label="Link to 'Prepare for navigation' section">#</a></div>This IoT app has two top-level screens, along with the setup flow. Define these route names as constants so that they can be referenced within code. <?code-excerpt "lib/main.dart (Routes)"??> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>const routeHome = '/'; const routeSettings = '/settings'; const routePrefixDeviceSetup = '/setup/'; const routeDeviceSetupStart = '/setup/$routeDeviceSetupStartPage'; const routeDeviceSetupStartPage = 'find_devices'; const routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage = 'select_device'; const routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage = 'connecting'; const routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage = 'finished';</code></pre></div></div>The home and settings screens are referenced with static names. The setup flow pages, however, use two paths to create their route names: a <code>/setup/</code> prefix followed by the name of the specific page. By combining the two paths, your <code>Navigator</code> can determine that a route name is intended for the setup flow without recognizing all the individual pages associated with the setup flow.The top-level <code>Navigator</code> isn't responsible for identifying individual setup flow pages. Therefore, your top-level <code>Navigator</code> needs to parse the incoming route name to identify the setup flow prefix. Needing to parse the route name means that you can't use the <code>routes</code> property of your top-level <code>Navigator</code>. Instead, you must provide a function for the <code>onGenerateRoute</code> property.Implement <code>onGenerateRoute</code> to return the appropriate widget for each of the three top-level paths. <?code-excerpt "lib/main.dart (OnGenerateRoute)"??> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>onGenerateRoute: (settings) { late Widget page; if (settings.name == routeHome) { page = const HomeScreen(); } else if (settings.name == routeSettings) { page = const SettingsScreen(); } else if (settings.name!.startsWith(routePrefixDeviceSetup)) { final subRoute = settings.name!.substring(routePrefixDeviceSetup.length); page = SetupFlow( setupPageRoute: subRoute, } else { throw Exception('Unknown route: ${settings.name}'); return MaterialPageRoute&lt;dynamic&gt;( builder: (context) { return page; settings: settings, },</code></pre></div></div>Notice that the home and settings routes are matched with exact route names. However, the setup flow route condition only checks for a prefix. If the route name contains the setup flow prefix, then the rest of the route name is ignored and passed on to the <code>SetupFlow</code> widget to process. This splitting of the route name is what allows the top-level <code>Navigator</code> to be agnostic toward the various subroutes within the setup flow.Create a stateful widget called <code>SetupFlow</code> that accepts a route name. <?code-excerpt "lib/setupflow.dart (SetupFlow)" replace="/@override\n*.*\n\s*return const SizedBox;\n\s*}/\/\/.../g"??> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>class SetupFlow extends StatefulWidget { const SetupFlow({ super.key, required this.setupPageRoute, final String setupPageRoute; @override State&lt;SetupFlow&gt; createState() =&gt; SetupFlowState(); class SetupFlowState extends State&lt;SetupFlow&gt; { //... }</code></pre></div></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="display-an-app-bar-for-the-setup-flow">Display an app bar for the setup flow</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#display-an-app-bar-for-the-setup-flow" aria-label="Link to 'Display an app bar for the setup flow' section">#</a></div>The setup flow displays a persistent app bar that appears across all pages.Return a <code>Scaffold</code> widget from your <code>SetupFlow</code> widget's <code>build()</code> method, and include the desired <code>AppBar</code> widget. <?code-excerpt "lib/setupflow2.dart (SetupFlow2)"??> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>@override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(), body: const SizedBox(), PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() { return AppBar( title: const Text('Bulb Setup'), }</code></pre></div></div>The app bar displays a back arrow and exits the setup flow when the back arrow is pressed. However, exiting the flow causes the user to lose all progress. Therefore, the user is prompted to confirm whether they want to exit the setup flow.Prompt the user to confirm exiting the setup flow, and ensure that the prompt appears when the user presses the hardware back button on Android. <?code-excerpt "lib/prompt_user.dart (PromptUser)"??> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>Future&lt;void&gt; _onExitPressed() async { final isConfirmed = await _isExitDesired(); if (isConfirmed &amp;&amp; mounted) { _exitSetup(); Future&lt;bool&gt; _isExitDesired() async { return await showDialog&lt;bool&gt;( context: context, builder: (context) { return AlertDialog( title: const Text('Are you sure?'), content: const Text( 'If you exit device setup, your progress will be lost.'), actions: [ TextButton( onPressed: () { Navigator.of(context).pop(true); child: const Text('Leave'), TextButton( onPressed: () { Navigator.of(context).pop(false); child: const Text('Stay'), }) ?? false; void _exitSetup() { Navigator.of(context).pop(); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return PopScope( canPop: false, onPopInvoked: (didPop) async { if (didPop) return; if (await _isExitDesired() &amp;&amp; context.mounted) { _exitSetup(); child: Scaffold( appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(), body: const SizedBox(), PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() { return AppBar( leading: IconButton( onPressed: _onExitPressed, icon: const Icon(Icons.chevron_left), title: const Text('Bulb Setup'), }</code></pre></div></div>When the user taps the back arrow in the app bar, or presses the back button on Android, an alert dialog pops up to confirm that the user wants to leave the setup flow. If the user presses Leave, then the setup flow pops itself from the top-level navigation stack. If the user presses Stay, then the action is ignored.You might notice that the <code>Navigator.pop()</code> is invoked by both the Leave and Stay buttons. To be clear, this <code>pop()</code> action pops the alert dialog off the navigation stack, not the setup flow.<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="generate-nested-routes">Generate nested routes</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#generate-nested-routes" aria-label="Link to 'Generate nested routes' section">#</a></div>The setup flow's job is to display the appropriate page within the flow.Add a <code>Navigator</code> widget to <code>SetupFlow</code>, and implement the <code>onGenerateRoute</code> property. <?code-excerpt "lib/add_navigator.dart (AddNavigator)"??> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>final _navigatorKey = GlobalKey&lt;NavigatorState&gt;(); void _onDiscoveryComplete() { _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage); void _onDeviceSelected(String deviceId) { _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage); void _onConnectionEstablished() { _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return PopScope( canPop: false, onPopInvoked: (didPop) async { if (didPop) return; if (await _isExitDesired() &amp;&amp; context.mounted) { _exitSetup(); child: Scaffold( appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(), body: Navigator( key: _navigatorKey, initialRoute: widget.setupPageRoute, onGenerateRoute: _onGenerateRoute, Route _onGenerateRoute(RouteSettings settings) { late Widget page; switch (settings.name) { case routeDeviceSetupStartPage: page = WaitingPage( message: 'Searching for nearby bulb...', onWaitComplete: _onDiscoveryComplete, case routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage: page = SelectDevicePage( onDeviceSelected: _onDeviceSelected, case routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage: page = WaitingPage( message: 'Connecting...', onWaitComplete: _onConnectionEstablished, case routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage: page = FinishedPage( onFinishPressed: _exitSetup, return MaterialPageRoute&lt;dynamic&gt;( builder: (context) { return page; settings: settings, }</code></pre></div></div>The <code>_onGenerateRoute</code> function works the same as for a top-level <code>Navigator</code>. A <code>RouteSettings</code> object is passed into the function, which includes the route's <code>name</code>. Based on that route name, one of four flow pages is returned.The first page, called <code>find_devices</code>, waits a few seconds to simulate network scanning. After the wait period, the page invokes its callback. In this case, that callback is <code>_onDiscoveryComplete</code>. The setup flow recognizes that, when device discovery is complete, the device selection page should be shown. Therefore, in <code>_onDiscoveryComplete</code>, the <code>_navigatorKey</code> instructs the nested <code>Navigator</code> to navigate to the <code>select_device</code> page.The <code>select_device</code> page asks the user to select a device from a list of available devices. In this recipe, only one device is presented to the user. When the user taps a device, the <code>onDeviceSelected</code> callback is invoked. The setup flow recognizes that, when a device is selected, the connecting page should be shown. Therefore, in <code>_onDeviceSelected</code>, the <code>_navigatorKey</code> instructs the nested <code>Navigator</code> to navigate to the <code>"connecting"</code> page.The <code>connecting</code> page works the same way as the <code>find_devices</code> page. The <code>connecting</code> page waits for a few seconds and then invokes its callback. In this case, the callback is <code>_onConnectionEstablished</code>. The setup flow recognizes that, when a connection is established, the final page should be shown. Therefore, in <code>_onConnectionEstablished</code>, the <code>_navigatorKey</code> instructs the nested <code>Navigator</code> to navigate to the <code>finished</code> page.The <code>finished</code> page provides the user with a Finish button. When the user taps Finish, the <code>_exitSetup</code> callback is invoked, which pops the entire setup flow off the top-level <code>Navigator</code> stack, taking the user back to the home screen.Congratulations! You implemented nested navigation with four subroutes.<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="interactive-example">Interactive example</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#interactive-example" aria-label="Link to 'Interactive example' section">#</a></div>Run the app:<ul><li>On the Add your first bulb screen, click the FAB, shown with a plus sign, +. This brings you to the Select a nearby device screen. A single bulb is listed.</li><li>Click the listed bulb. A Finished! screen appears.</li><li>Click the Finished button to return to the first screen.</li></ul> <?code-excerpt "lib/main.dart"??> <pre><code data-dartpad="true" data-embed="true" data-theme="light">import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; const routeHome = '/'; const routeSettings = '/settings'; const routePrefixDeviceSetup = '/setup/'; const routeDeviceSetupStart = '/setup/$routeDeviceSetupStartPage'; const routeDeviceSetupStartPage = 'find_devices'; const routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage = 'select_device'; const routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage = 'connecting'; const routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage = 'finished'; void main() { runApp( MaterialApp( theme: ThemeData( brightness: Brightness.dark, appBarTheme: const AppBarTheme( backgroundColor: Colors.blue, floatingActionButtonTheme: const FloatingActionButtonThemeData( backgroundColor: Colors.blue, onGenerateRoute: (settings) { late Widget page; if (settings.name == routeHome) { page = const HomeScreen(); } else if (settings.name == routeSettings) { page = const SettingsScreen(); } else if (settings.name!.startsWith(routePrefixDeviceSetup)) { final subRoute = settings.name!.substring(routePrefixDeviceSetup.length); page = SetupFlow( setupPageRoute: subRoute, } else { throw Exception('Unknown route: ${settings.name}'); return MaterialPageRoute&lt;dynamic&gt;( builder: (context) { return page; settings: settings, debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false, @immutable class SetupFlow extends StatefulWidget { static SetupFlowState of(BuildContext context) { return context.findAncestorStateOfType&lt;SetupFlowState&gt;()!; const SetupFlow({ super.key, required this.setupPageRoute, final String setupPageRoute; @override SetupFlowState createState() =&gt; SetupFlowState(); class SetupFlowState extends State&lt;SetupFlow&gt; { final _navigatorKey = GlobalKey&lt;NavigatorState&gt;(); @override void initState() { super.initState(); void _onDiscoveryComplete() { _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage); void _onDeviceSelected(String deviceId) { _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage); void _onConnectionEstablished() { _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage); Future&lt;void&gt; _onExitPressed() async { final isConfirmed = await _isExitDesired(); if (isConfirmed &amp;&amp; mounted) { _exitSetup(); Future&lt;bool&gt; _isExitDesired() async { return await showDialog&lt;bool&gt;( context: context, builder: (context) { return AlertDialog( title: const Text('Are you sure?'), content: const Text( 'If you exit device setup, your progress will be lost.'), actions: [ TextButton( onPressed: () { Navigator.of(context).pop(true); child: const Text('Leave'), TextButton( onPressed: () { Navigator.of(context).pop(false); child: const Text('Stay'), }) ?? false; void _exitSetup() { Navigator.of(context).pop(); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return PopScope( canPop: false, onPopInvoked: (didPop) async { if (didPop) return; if (await _isExitDesired() &amp;&amp; context.mounted) { _exitSetup(); child: Scaffold( appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(), body: Navigator( key: _navigatorKey, initialRoute: widget.setupPageRoute, onGenerateRoute: _onGenerateRoute, Route _onGenerateRoute(RouteSettings settings) { late Widget page; switch (settings.name) { case routeDeviceSetupStartPage: page = WaitingPage( message: 'Searching for nearby bulb...', onWaitComplete: _onDiscoveryComplete, case routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage: page = SelectDevicePage( onDeviceSelected: _onDeviceSelected, case routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage: page = WaitingPage( message: 'Connecting...', onWaitComplete: _onConnectionEstablished, case routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage: page = FinishedPage( onFinishPressed: _exitSetup, return MaterialPageRoute&lt;dynamic&gt;( builder: (context) { return page; settings: settings, PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() { return AppBar( leading: IconButton( onPressed: _onExitPressed, icon: const Icon(Icons.chevron_left), title: const Text('Bulb Setup'), class SelectDevicePage extends StatelessWidget { const SelectDevicePage({ super.key, required this.onDeviceSelected, final void Function(String deviceId) onDeviceSelected; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( body: Center( child: Padding( padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24), child: Column( mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min, children: [ Text( 'Select a nearby device:', style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.titleLarge, const SizedBox(height: 24), SizedBox( width: double.infinity, height: 54, child: ElevatedButton( style: ButtonStyle( backgroundColor: MaterialStateColor.resolveWith((states) { return const Color(0xFF222222); onPressed: () { onDeviceSelected('22n483nk5834'); child: const Text( 'Bulb 22n483nk5834', style: TextStyle( fontSize: 24, class WaitingPage extends StatefulWidget { const WaitingPage({ super.key, required this.message, required this.onWaitComplete, final String message; final VoidCallback onWaitComplete; @override State&lt;WaitingPage&gt; createState() =&gt; _WaitingPageState(); class _WaitingPageState extends State&lt;WaitingPage&gt; { @override void initState() { super.initState(); _startWaiting(); Future&lt;void&gt; _startWaiting() async { await Future&lt;dynamic&gt;.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 3)); if (mounted) { widget.onWaitComplete(); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( body: Center( child: Padding( padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24), child: Column( mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min, children: [ const CircularProgressIndicator(), const SizedBox(height: 32), Text(widget.message), class FinishedPage extends StatelessWidget { const FinishedPage({ super.key, required this.onFinishPressed, final VoidCallback onFinishPressed; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( body: Center( child: Padding( padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24), child: Column( mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min, children: [ Container( width: 250, height: 250, decoration: const BoxDecoration( shape: BoxShape.circle, color: Color(0xFF222222), child: const Center( child: Icon( Icons.lightbulb, size: 175, color: Colors.white, const SizedBox(height: 32), const Text( 'Bulb added!', textAlign: TextAlign.center, style: TextStyle( fontSize: 24, fontWeight: FontWeight.bold, const SizedBox(height: 32), ElevatedButton( style: ButtonStyle( padding: MaterialStateProperty.resolveWith((states) { return const EdgeInsets.symmetric( horizontal: 24, vertical: 12); backgroundColor: MaterialStateColor.resolveWith((states) { return const Color(0xFF222222); shape: MaterialStateProperty.resolveWith((states) { return const StadiumBorder(); onPressed: onFinishPressed, child: const Text( 'Finish', style: TextStyle( fontSize: 24, @immutable class HomeScreen extends StatelessWidget { const HomeScreen({ super.key, @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: _buildAppBar(context), body: Center( child: Padding( padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24), child: Column( mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min, children: [ Container( width: 250, height: 250, decoration: const BoxDecoration( shape: BoxShape.circle, color: Color(0xFF222222), child: Center( child: Icon( Icons.lightbulb, size: 175, color: Theme.of(context).scaffoldBackgroundColor, const SizedBox(height: 32), const Text( 'Add your first bulb', textAlign: TextAlign.center, style: TextStyle( fontSize: 24, fontWeight: FontWeight.bold, floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton( onPressed: () { Navigator.of(context).pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupStart); child: const Icon(Icons.add), PreferredSizeWidget _buildAppBar(BuildContext context) { return AppBar( title: const Text('Welcome'), actions: [ IconButton( icon: const Icon(Icons.settings), onPressed: () { Navigator.pushNamed(context, routeSettings); class SettingsScreen extends StatelessWidget { const SettingsScreen({ super.key, @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: _buildAppBar(), body: SingleChildScrollView( child: Column( mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min, children: List.generate(8, (index) { return Container( width: double.infinity, height: 54, margin: const EdgeInsets.only(left: 16, right: 16, top: 16), decoration: BoxDecoration( borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(8), color: const Color(0xFF222222), PreferredSizeWidget _buildAppBar() {