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After upgrading from 27.1 to v 28.1.2, I ran into this issue below.

[dougs@nextcloud 16.Oct 5:34pm # occ maintenance:update:htaccess
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'ldap' (tried: /usr/local/lib/php/20210902/ldap (Cannot open "/usr/local/lib/php/20210902/ldap"), /usr/local/lib/php/20210902/ldap.so (Shared object "libldap_r-2.4.so.2" not found, required by "ldap.so")) in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'ldap.so' (tried: /usr/local/lib/php/20210902/ldap.so (Shared object "libldap_r-2.4.so.2" not found, required by "ldap.so"), /usr/local/lib/php/20210902/ldap.so.so (Cannot open "/usr/local/lib/php/20210902/ldap.so.so")) in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'smbclient.so' (tried: /usr/local/lib/php/20210902/smbclient.so (Shared object "libldap_r-2.4.so.2" not found, required by "libsmbconf.so.0"), /usr/local/lib/php/20210902/smbclient.so.so (Cannot open "/usr/local/lib/php/20210902/smbclient.so.so")) in Unknown on line 0
Error updating .htaccess file, not enough permissions or "overwrite.cli.url" set to an invalid URL?
[dougs@nextcloud 16.Oct 5:35pm # 

This is on FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE-p4 machine. php81-ldap is also installed.

All the files referenced in the error message above appear to be where they should be.

[dougs@nextcloud 16.Oct 5:35pm # ll /usr/local/lib/php/20210902/
total 3524
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    82000 Dec 28  2022 apcu.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    41024 Oct  2 16:05 bcmath.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    23632 Oct  2 16:05 bz2.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    11928 Oct  2 16:05 ctype.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   107472 Oct  2 16:05 curl.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   204192 Oct  2 16:05 dom.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    90992 Oct  2 16:05 exif.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  7156864 Oct  2 16:06 fileinfo.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    48088 Oct  2 16:06 filter.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   111792 Oct  2 16:06 gd.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    66008 Oct  2 16:06 gmp.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    41448 Oct  2 16:06 iconv.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   448888 Jul 22 18:51 imagick.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   476024 Oct  2 16:07 intl.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    92152 Oct  2 16:07 ldap.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  1092520 Oct  2 16:08 mbstring.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  1006520 Oct  2 16:08 opcache.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    36536 Oct  2 16:08 pcntl.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   112528 Oct  2 16:08 pdo.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    45904 Oct  2 16:09 pdo_pgsql.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   135232 Oct  2 16:09 pgsql.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    35144 Oct  2 16:09 posix.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    98232 Oct  2 16:09 session.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    53824 Oct  2 16:09 simplexml.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    67872 Apr 28 17:11 smbclient.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    11608 Oct  2 16:09 sysvsem.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    50432 Oct  2 16:09 xml.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    38136 Oct  2 16:09 xmlreader.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    48840 Oct  2 16:09 xmlwriter.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    32864 Oct  2 16:10 xsl.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    76496 Oct  2 16:10 zip.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    50944 Oct  2 16:10 zlib.so
[dougs@nextcloud 16.Oct 5:39pm # locate libldap
/usr/local/lib/libldap-2.4.so.2
/usr/local/lib/libldap-2.4.so.2.11.7
/usr/local/lib/libldap.a
/usr/local/lib/libldap.la
/usr/local/lib/libldap.so
/usr/local/lib/libldap_r-2.4.so.2
/usr/local/lib/libldap_r-2.4.so.2.11.7
/usr/local/lib/libldap_r.a
/usr/local/lib/libldap_r.la
/usr/local/lib/libldap_r.so
/usr/ports/net/openldap25-server/files/patch-libraries__libldap__Makefile.in
/usr/ports/net/openldap25-server/files/patch-libraries_libldap_tls__o.c
/usr/ports/net/openldap26-server/files/patch-libraries__libldap__Makefile.in
/usr/ports/net/openldap26-server/files/patch-libraries_libldap_tls__o.c
[dougs@nextcloud 16.Oct 5:39pm /usr/home/dougs]# 

I find it odd that the error message goes on to state that it cannot open “/usr/local/lib/php/20210902/ldap.so.so”. Please note ‘so’ being duplicated here.

Nextcloud version (eg, 20.0.5): 27.1.2
Operating system and version (eg, Ubuntu 20.04): FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE-p4
Apache or nginx version (eg, Apache 2.4.25): 2.4.57_1
PHP version (eg, 7.4): replace me

Is this the first time you’ve seen this error? (Y/N): Y

The output of your config.php file in /usr/local/www/nextcloud:

$CONFIG = array ( 'apps_paths' => array ( array ( 'path' => '/usr/local/www/nextcloud/apps', 'url' => '/apps', 'writable' => true, array ( 'path' => '/usr/local/www/nextcloud/apps-pkg', 'url' => '/apps-pkg', 'writable' => false, 'logfile' => '/var/log/nextcloud/nextcloud.log', 'memcache.local' => '\\OC\\Memcache\\APCu', 'instanceid' => 'redacted', 'passwordsalt' => 'redacted', 'secret' => 'redacted', 'trusted_domains' => array ( 0 => 'nextcloud.example.com', 'datadirectory' => '/usr/local/www/nextcloud/data', 'dbtype' => 'pgsql', 'version' => '27.1.2.1', 'overwrite.cli.url' => 'http://nextcloud.example.com/nextcloud', 'dbname' => 'nextcloud', 'dbhost' => 'localhost:5432', 'dbport' => '', 'dbtableprefix' => 'oc_', 'dbuser' => 'nextcloud_user', 'dbpassword' => '', 'installed' => true, 'theme' => '', 'loglevel' => 2, 'maintenance' => false, 'mail_smtpmode' => 'smtp', 'mail_smtphost' => 'mail.example.com', 'mail_sendmailmode' => 'smtp', 'mail_smtpport' => '25', 'mail_from_address' => 'nextcloud', 'mail_domain' => 'example.com',

This division of apps into read-only and read/writable indicates an apliance installation.
Could it be, that your installation is Docker or AIO, which would make your problem partial explainable?

Much luck,
ernolf