SQLSTATE[HY000]: General error: 2031 (SQL: select * from `work_permits` where `user_id` = ?) using l

   $userId = User::where('mf_branch_id', $permitbranchId)->pluck('id');
it returns the array  like this (key is the index of the item. auto incremented value):
    1 => "name1",
    2 => "name2",
    100 => "name100"
try it by using first() if you are fetching single record or if its multiple ID's then use whereIn Here

 $permit_report = WorkPermit::whereIn('user_id', $userId)->get();
if single Record

     $userId = User::where('mf_branch_id', $permitbranchId)->firstOrFail();
     $permit_report = WorkPermit::where('user_id', $userId->id)->get();
                                        pluck() method returns an array, change your code :
$userId = User::where('mf_branch_id', $permitbranchId)->firstOrFail();
$permit_report = WorkPermit::where('user_id', $userId->id)->get();
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