Test-retest reliability of pain extent and pain location using a novel method for pain drawing analy

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¹ Department of Business, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland.

² Rehabilitation Department, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.

³ Pain Clinic, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Göttingen, Germany.

⁴ Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology (BFNT) Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.

¹ Department of Business, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland.

² Rehabilitation Department, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.

³ Pain Clinic, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Göttingen, Germany.

Pain drawings (PDs) are an important component of the assessment of a patient with pain. The aim of this work is to present the test-retest reliability of a novel method of quantifying the extent and location of pain. Additionally, the association between PD variables and clinical features in patients with chronic neck pain (CNP) and chronic low back pain (CLBP) was explored. Fifty-one patients with CLBP and 56 patients with CNP participated. Each patient shaded two consecutive PDs using a digital tablet. Software was developed to quantify the pain extent, to analyse the pain overlap between PDs and to produce pain frequency maps. Correlations were obtained between pain extent and clinical features including the level of pain intensity, disability, and psychological distress and cognitive function. The intraclass correlation coefficients for pain extent in CLBP and CNP were very high: 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95-0.98) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87-0.98), respectively. The Bland Altman showed a mean difference close to zero: 5.4% pixels in CNP group and 3% pixels in the CLBP group. Significant correlations were observed between pain extent and pain intensity in CLBP and CNP and pain extent and disability in CNP. There was no relation between pain extent and the level of distress or cognitive function. Cruz EB, et al. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Nov 1;38(23):E1491-7. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a439cc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013. PMID: 23887443 Holzapfel S, et al. Clin J Pain. 2016 Nov;32(11):940-947. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000349. Clin J Pain. 2016. PMID: 26736023 Clinical Trial. Chapman JR, et al. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 Oct 1;36(21 Suppl):S54-68. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31822ef74d. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011. PMID: 21952190 Review. Ehrenbrusthoff K, et al. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018 Jun;35:73-83. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.02.007. Epub 2018 Mar 2. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018. PMID: 29549815 Review. Szczypien N, et al. Brain Behav. 2023 Dec;13(12):e3285. doi: 10.1002/brb3.3285. Epub 2023 Oct 18. Brain Behav. 2023. PMID: 37853673 Free PMC article. Kojima S, et al. Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Aug 21;11(16):2357. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11162357. Healthcare (Basel). 2023. PMID: 37628552 Free PMC article. Calvache-Mateo A, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 24;20(5):4049. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054049. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 36901059 Free PMC article. Florencio LL, et al. BMJ Open. 2023 Jan 19;13(1):e066745. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066745. BMJ Open. 2023. PMID: 36657768 Free PMC article. Hodge FS, et al. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022 Oct 21;3:1031347. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1031347. eCollection 2022. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022. PMID: 36341151 Free PMC article.