Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine，Qinghai University，Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science，Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland，Key Laboratory of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem in the Three-River-Source，Qinghai University，Ministry of Education，Xining 810016，China
摘要：
为探讨中度放牧条件下放牧方式对家畜生产力的影响，开展了牦牛单牧（YG）、藏羊单牧（SG）、牦牛藏羊1∶6混牧（MG1∶6）、牦牛藏羊1∶4混牧（MG1∶4）和牦牛藏羊1∶2混牧（MG1∶2）5个控制性放牧试验，研究了牧草生长季不同生长时期对家畜日增重的影响以及不同放牧方式对牦牛和藏羊暖季增重、牧草营养和家畜采食量的影响。结果表明：1）在牧草返青期和生长期，牦牛和藏羊的日增重显著大于牧草枯黄期（
P<
0.05）；2）牦牛和藏羊日增重在不同的放牧方式下无显著差异（
P
>0.05），而牦牛暖季增重在YG下最高，在MG1∶2和MG1∶6相对较高，藏羊暖季增重在MG1∶2中最高，在SG和MG1∶4相对较高；3）不同放牧方式下牧草营养和单位面积家畜采食量无显著差异（
P
>0.05），单一家畜放牧单位面积增重SG最高，牦牛藏羊两种家畜混合放牧则MG1∶2单位面积增重最高。综上，牧草枯黄期牦牛和藏羊的补饲对于维持其生产性能具有重要的意义，且MG1∶2对于牦牛和藏羊生产是一种较优的组合生产方式。
Abstract:
This research explored the effect of different livestock assembly on livestock productivity under moderate grazing intensity. Five experimental grazing treatments were established： Yak only grazing （YG）， Tibetan sheep only grazing （SG）， yak and Tibetan sheep grazing mixed 1∶6 （MG1∶6）， yak and Tibetan sheep grazing mixed 1∶4 （MG1∶4）， yak and Tibetan sheep grazing mixed 1∶2 （MG1∶2）. We studied the daily weight gain of yaks and Tibetan sheep at different stages in the herbage growing season and the effects of different livestock assembly on the nutrition， feed intake， and weight gain of yaks and Tibetan sheep in the warm season. It was found that： 1）The daily weight gain of yaks and Tibetan sheep in the pasture re-greening and growing periods was significantly greater than that in the browning-off period （
P<
0.05）. 2）There was no significant difference in daily gain of yak and Tibetan sheep under the different livestock assembly （
P
>0.05）， but the weight gain of yaks in the warm season was highest in YG， and was also relatively high in the treatments MG1∶2 and MG1∶6. The weight gain of Tibetan sheep in the warm season was the highest in MG1∶2， and relatively high in SG and MG1∶4 treatments. 3）There was no significant difference in nutrition and feed intake per unit area of livestock under the different livestock assembly （
P
>0.05）. When grazing a single livestock class， the weight gain per unit area of SG was the highest， and under mixed grazing of yaks and Tibetan sheep， the weight gain per unit area of MG1∶2 was the highest. In conclusion， supplementary feeding of yaks and Tibetan sheep during the browning-off period of the season is of great significance for maintaining livestock productivity， and the livestock assembly of MG1∶2 was the optimum ratio for mixed grazing of yaks and Tibetan sheep.
Key words:
moderate grazing,
different livestock assembly,
livestock productivity,
Tibetan sheep,
warm season grazing,
warm season weight gain,
daily weight gain
冯斌, 杨晓霞, 刘文亭, 刘玉祯, 吕卫东, 张振祥, 孙彩彩, 周沁苑, 王芳草, 于泽航, 董全民. 暖季草场不同放牧方式对牦牛藏羊生产力的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(12): 58-67.
Bin FENG, Xiao-xia YANG, Wen-ting LIU, Yu-zhen LIU, Wei-dong LV, Zhen-xiang ZHANG, Cai-cai SUN, Qin-yuan ZHOU, Fang-cao WANG, Ze-hang YU, Quan-min DONG. Effects of different livestock assembly on the productivity of yak and Tibetan sheep in warm-season pastures[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(12): 58-67.
Table 2
Average daily weight gain and weight gain in warm season of yak under different livestock assembly
|
时间
Test time
|
项目
Item
|
日增重 Average daily weight gain （kg·d
-1
）
|
暖季增重Weight gain in warm season （kg）
|
|
返青期Rejuvenation period
|
生长期Growth period
|
枯黄期Withered period
|
|
2020
|
YG
|
0.45±0.05Aa
|
0.66±0.13Aa
|
-0.09±0.03Ba
|
22.33±3.84a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.31±0.10Aa
|
0.34±0.17Aa
|
-0.07±0.03Aa
|
12.00±6.03ab
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.29±0.07Aa
|
0.17±0.07Aa
|
-0.17±0.09Ba
|
4.67±2.33b
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.41±0.10ABa
|
0.61±0.23Aa
|
-0.06±0.08Ba
|
20.00±4.62a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.36±0.04A
|
0.44±0.09A
|
-0.10±0.03B
|
|
|
2021
|
YG
|
0.30±0.05Aa
|
0.27±0.12Aab
|
0.00±0.09Aa
|
13.00±5.69a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.27±0.12Aa
|
0.35±0.04Aa
|
-0.24±0.03Ba
|
8.00±2.08a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.33±0.09Aa
|
0.09±0.01Bb
|
-0.15±0.06Ca
|
5.00±3.51a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.22±0.12Aa
|
0.23±0.06Aab
|
-0.14±0.13Aa
|
6.67±3.48a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.28±0.04A
|
0.23±0.04A
|
-0.14±0.05B
|
|
|
2022
|
YG
|
0.57±0.15Aa
|
0.25±0.03ABa
|
0.00±0.17Ba
|
11.00±2.52a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.63±0.03Aa
|
0.35±0.02ABa
|
-0.15±0.28Ba
|
11.33±3.84a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.60±0.17Aa
|
0.21±0.07Aa
|
-0.42±0.09Ba
|
3.67±2.33a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.70±0.10Aa
|
0.25±0.08Ba
|
-0.35±0.13Ca
|
6.67±1.86a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.63±0.06A
|
0.27±0.03B
|
-0.23±0.09C
|
|
表2
不同放牧方式下牦牛日增重和暖季增重
Table 2
Average daily weight gain and weight gain in warm season of yak under different livestock assembly
|
时间
Test time
|
项目
Item
|
日增重 Average daily weight gain （kg·d
-1
）
|
暖季增重Weight gain in warm season （kg）
|
|
返青期Rejuvenation period
|
生长期Growth period
|
枯黄期Withered period
|
|
2020
|
YG
|
0.45±0.05Aa
|
0.66±0.13Aa
|
-0.09±0.03Ba
|
22.33±3.84a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.31±0.10Aa
|
0.34±0.17Aa
|
-0.07±0.03Aa
|
12.00±6.03ab
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.29±0.07Aa
|
0.17±0.07Aa
|
-0.17±0.09Ba
|
4.67±2.33b
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.41±0.10ABa
|
0.61±0.23Aa
|
-0.06±0.08Ba
|
20.00±4.62a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.36±0.04A
|
0.44±0.09A
|
-0.10±0.03B
|
|
|
2021
|
YG
|
0.30±0.05Aa
|
0.27±0.12Aab
|
0.00±0.09Aa
|
13.00±5.69a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.27±0.12Aa
|
0.35±0.04Aa
|
-0.24±0.03Ba
|
8.00±2.08a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.33±0.09Aa
|
0.09±0.01Bb
|
-0.15±0.06Ca
|
5.00±3.51a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.22±0.12Aa
|
0.23±0.06Aab
|
-0.14±0.13Aa
|
6.67±3.48a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.28±0.04A
|
0.23±0.04A
|
-0.14±0.05B
|
|
|
2022
|
YG
|
0.57±0.15Aa
|
0.25±0.03ABa
|
0.00±0.17Ba
|
11.00±2.52a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.63±0.03Aa
|
0.35±0.02ABa
|
-0.15±0.28Ba
|
11.33±3.84a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.60±0.17Aa
|
0.21±0.07Aa
|
-0.42±0.09Ba
|
3.67±2.33a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.70±0.10Aa
|
0.25±0.08Ba
|
-0.35±0.13Ca
|
6.67±1.86a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.63±0.06A
|
0.27±0.03B
|
-0.23±0.09C
|
|
Table 4
Correlation between weight gain during warm season and average daily weight gain of yak during pasture growth season under different livestock assembly
|
年份
Year
|
放牧方式
Livestock
assembly
|
返青期
Rejuvenation
period
|
生长期
Growth
period
|
枯黄期
Withered
period
|
|
2020
|
YG
|
0.56
|
0.90
|
0.07
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.88
|
1.00*
|
-0.10
|
|
MG1∶4
|
-0.93
|
0.90
|
0.79
|
|
MG1∶2
|
-0.99
|
0.93
|
0.33
|
|
2021
|
YG
|
0.26
|
0.99
|
0.97
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.96
|
-0.96
|
0.91
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.97
|
0.99
|
0.96
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.15
|
-0.09
|
0.97
|
|
2022
|
YG
|
0.23
|
0.60
|
0.68
|
|
MG1∶6
|
-0.95
|
-0.95
|
0.99*
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.00
|
0.80
|
0.80
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.99
|
-0.36
|
0.72
|
表4
不同放牧方式下牦牛暖季增重与牧草各生长时期牦牛日增重的相关性
Table 4
Correlation between weight gain during warm season and average daily weight gain of yak during pasture growth season under different livestock assembly
|
年份
Year
|
放牧方式
Livestock
assembly
|
返青期
Rejuvenation
period
|
生长期
Growth
period
|
枯黄期
Withered
period
|
|
2020
|
YG
|
0.56
|
0.90
|
0.07
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.88
|
1.00*
|
-0.10
|
|
MG1∶4
|
-0.93
|
0.90
|
0.79
|
|
MG1∶2
|
-0.99
|
0.93
|
0.33
|
|
2021
|
YG
|
0.26
|
0.99
|
0.97
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.96
|
-0.96
|
0.91
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.97
|
0.99
|
0.96
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.15
|
-0.09
|
0.97
|
|
2022
|
YG
|
0.23
|
0.60
|
0.68
|
|
MG1∶6
|
-0.95
|
-0.95
|
0.99*
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.00
|
0.80
|
0.80
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.99
|
-0.36
|
0.72
|
Table 5
Average daily weight gain and weight gain in warm season of Tibetan sheep under different livestock assembly
|
年份
Year
|
项目
Item
|
日增重 Average daily weight gain （kg·d
-1
）
|
暖季增重Weight gain in warm season （kg）
|
|
返青期Rejuvenation period
|
生长期Growth period
|
枯黄期Withered period
|
|
2020
|
SG
|
0.10±0.01ABa
|
0.19±0.05Aa
|
0.02±0.01Ba
|
6.50±1.50a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.12±0.04ABa
|
0.17±0.03Aa
|
0.01±0.03Ba
|
6.28±1.15a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.09±0.02ABa
|
0.19±0.04Aa
|
0.03±0.01Ba
|
7.08±1.69a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.13±0.02Ba
|
0.23±0.01Aa
|
0.01±0.03Ca
|
8.17±1.20a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.11±0.01B
|
0.19±0.02A
|
0.02±0.01C
|
|
|
2021
|
SG
|
0.14±0.02Aa
|
0.05±0.03Ba
|
0.03±0.01Ba
|
5.00±1.32a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.09±0.01Aa
|
0.05±0.01Aa
|
-0.02±0.01Bb
|
2.33±0.26b
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.11±0.01Aa
|
0.06±0.01Ba
|
0.01±0.01Cab
|
3.83±0.17ab
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.14±0.03Aa
|
0.08±0.01ABa
|
0.03±0.01Ba
|
5.50±0.29a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.12±0.01A
|
0.06±0.01B
|
0.01±0.01C
|
|
|
2022
|
SG
|
0.33±0.09Aa
|
0.13±0.03ABa
|
0.03±0.07Ba
|
6.50±0.76a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.43±0.03Aa
|
0.07±0.02Ba
|
-0.01±0.02Ca
|
5.61±0.87a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.33±0.07Aa
|
0.08±0.01Ba
|
0.00±0.03Ba
|
4.92±0.08a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.35±0.06Aa
|
0.09±0.01Ba
|
-0.10±0.05Ca
|
3.83±1.30a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.36±0.03A
|
0.09±0.01B
|
-0.02±0.03C
|
|
表5
不同放牧方式下藏羊日增重和暖季增重
Table 5
Average daily weight gain and weight gain in warm season of Tibetan sheep under different livestock assembly
|
年份
Year
|
项目
Item
|
日增重 Average daily weight gain （kg·d
-1
）
|
暖季增重Weight gain in warm season （kg）
|
|
返青期Rejuvenation period
|
生长期Growth period
|
枯黄期Withered period
|
|
2020
|
SG
|
0.10±0.01ABa
|
0.19±0.05Aa
|
0.02±0.01Ba
|
6.50±1.50a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.12±0.04ABa
|
0.17±0.03Aa
|
0.01±0.03Ba
|
6.28±1.15a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.09±0.02ABa
|
0.19±0.04Aa
|
0.03±0.01Ba
|
7.08±1.69a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.13±0.02Ba
|
0.23±0.01Aa
|
0.01±0.03Ca
|
8.17±1.20a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.11±0.01B
|
0.19±0.02A
|
0.02±0.01C
|
|
|
2021
|
SG
|
0.14±0.02Aa
|
0.05±0.03Ba
|
0.03±0.01Ba
|
5.00±1.32a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.09±0.01Aa
|
0.05±0.01Aa
|
-0.02±0.01Bb
|
2.33±0.26b
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.11±0.01Aa
|
0.06±0.01Ba
|
0.01±0.01Cab
|
3.83±0.17ab
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.14±0.03Aa
|
0.08±0.01ABa
|
0.03±0.01Ba
|
5.50±0.29a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.12±0.01A
|
0.06±0.01B
|
0.01±0.01C
|
|
|
2022
|
SG
|
0.33±0.09Aa
|
0.13±0.03ABa
|
0.03±0.07Ba
|
6.50±0.76a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.43±0.03Aa
|
0.07±0.02Ba
|
-0.01±0.02Ca
|
5.61±0.87a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.33±0.07Aa
|
0.08±0.01Ba
|
0.00±0.03Ba
|
4.92±0.08a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.35±0.06Aa
|
0.09±0.01Ba
|
-0.10±0.05Ca
|
3.83±1.30a
|
|
平均Mean
|
0.36±0.03A
|
0.09±0.01B
|
-0.02±0.03C
|
|
Table 7
The correlation between weight gain in warm season and average daily weight gain of Tibetan sheep in each growing season of pasture under different livestock assembly
|
年份
Year
|
放牧方式
Livestock assembly
|
返青期
Rejuvenation period
|
生长期
Growth period
|
枯黄期
Withered period
|
|
2020
|
SG
|
0.50
|
0.94
|
0.87
|
|
MG1∶6
|
-0.39
|
0.82
|
1.00*
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.94
|
1.00*
|
1.00*
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.97
|
0.54
|
0.99
|
|
2021
|
SG
|
1.00**
|
0.93
|
0.19
|
|
MG1∶6
|
-0.98
|
0.45
|
0.55
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.50
|
0.87
|
-0.50
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.24
|
0.50
|
0.00
|
|
2022
|
SG
|
0.18
|
-0.68
|
0.95
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.97
|
0.98
|
1.00**
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.98
|
-0.50
|
-1.00**
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.99*
|
-0.83
|
0.99*
|
表7
不同放牧方式下藏羊暖季增重与牧草各生长时期藏羊日增重的相关性
Table 7
The correlation between weight gain in warm season and average daily weight gain of Tibetan sheep in each growing season of pasture under different livestock assembly
|
年份
Year
|
放牧方式
Livestock assembly
|
返青期
Rejuvenation period
|
生长期
Growth period
|
枯黄期
Withered period
|
|
2020
|
SG
|
0.50
|
0.94
|
0.87
|
|
MG1∶6
|
-0.39
|
0.82
|
1.00*
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.94
|
1.00*
|
1.00*
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.97
|
0.54
|
0.99
|
|
2021
|
SG
|
1.00**
|
0.93
|
0.19
|
|
MG1∶6
|
-0.98
|
0.45
|
0.55
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.50
|
0.87
|
-0.50
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.24
|
0.50
|
0.00
|
|
2022
|
SG
|
0.18
|
-0.68
|
0.95
|
|
MG1∶6
|
0.97
|
0.98
|
1.00**
|
|
MG1∶4
|
0.98
|
-0.50
|
-1.00**
|
|
MG1∶2
|
0.99*
|
-0.83
|
0.99*
|
|
项目
Item
|
ADF
（g·kg
-1
）
|
NDF
（g·kg
-1
）
|
CP
（g·kg
-1
）
|
FI
（g·m
-2
）
|
|
YG
|
452.5±7.9b
|
745.6±0.5a
|
95.6±2.5ab
|
28.0±8.4a
|
|
SG
|
469.6±5.3ab
|
738.8±2.2a
|
97.8±1.5ab
|
31.6±11.1a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
452.2±4.7b
|
740.5±3.9a
|
92.8±3.8b
|
33.3±7.2a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
480.2±5.7a
|
740.3±7.6a
|
99.8±1.5ab
|
21.3±7.6a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
456.8±13.0ab
|
740.1±5.8a
|
101.0±0.8a
|
43.8±5.1a
|
表8
不同放牧方式对牧草营养和家畜采食量的影响
Table 8
Effects of different livestock assembly on vegetation nutrition and feed intake
|
项目
Item
|
ADF
（g·kg
-1
）
|
NDF
（g·kg
-1
）
|
CP
（g·kg
-1
）
|
FI
（g·m
-2
）
|
|
YG
|
452.5±7.9b
|
745.6±0.5a
|
95.6±2.5ab
|
28.0±8.4a
|
|
SG
|
469.6±5.3ab
|
738.8±2.2a
|
97.8±1.5ab
|
31.6±11.1a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
452.2±4.7b
|
740.5±3.9a
|
92.8±3.8b
|
33.3±7.2a
|
|
MG1∶4
|
480.2±5.7a
|
740.3±7.6a
|
99.8±1.5ab
|
21.3±7.6a
|
|
MG1∶2
|
456.8±13.0ab
|
740.1±5.8a
|
101.0±0.8a
|
43.8±5.1a
|
|
项目
Item
|
2020
|
2021
|
2022
|
平均
Mean
|
|
YG
|
85.90±14.79a
|
50.00±21.87a
|
42.31±9.68b
|
59.40±9.37ab
|
|
SG
|
76.47±17.65a
|
58.82±15.56a
|
76.47±8.99a
|
70.59±10.80a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
65.36±15.58a
|
28.95±2.63a
|
59.21±2.74ab
|
51.17±3.97ab
|
|
MG1∶4
|
55.00±7.64a
|
33.89±6.55a
|
38.89±3.64b
|
42.59±3.58b
|
|
MG1∶2
|
84.50±13.25a
|
41.09±9.43a
|
33.33±10.26b
|
52.97±6.64ab
|
表9
单位面积家畜增重
Table 9
Livestock productivity per unit area （kg·hm-2）
|
项目
Item
|
2020
|
2021
|
2022
|
平均
Mean
|
|
YG
|
85.90±14.79a
|
50.00±21.87a
|
42.31±9.68b
|
59.40±9.37ab
|
|
SG
|
76.47±17.65a
|
58.82±15.56a
|
76.47±8.99a
|
70.59±10.80a
|
|
MG1∶6
|
65.36±15.58a
|
28.95±2.63a
|
59.21±2.74ab
|
51.17±3.97ab
|
|
MG1∶4
|
55.00±7.64a
|
33.89±6.55a
|
38.89±3.64b
|
42.59±3.58b
|
|
MG1∶2
|
84.50±13.25a
|
41.09±9.43a
|
33.33±10.26b
|
52.97±6.64ab
|
者玉琦, 武志娟, 王吉坤, 钟金城, 柴志欣, 信金伟.
基于mtDNA
COX3
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