Abstract: The present study examined the association among mother-child attachment security and rural left-behind and non-left-behind children’s anxiety, as well as the moderating role of children’s HPA activity in such association. A total of 39 children from left-behind families and 70 children from non-left-behind families completed the Kern Security Scale, Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, whose saliva were collected during morning and afternoon in three consecutive days. Results were as follows: 1) Negative association between mother-child attachment security and left-behind children’s anxiety was higher than that of non-left-behind children. 2) High decline in diurnal cortisol change enhanced the protective role of mother-child attachment security on left-behind children’s anxiety and decreased the protective role of mother-child attachment security on non-left-behind children’s anxiety. These findings demonstrate that the interactive effects of mother-child attachment security and diurnal cortisol change on children’s anxiety varies from rural left-behind to non-left-behind children.

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