摘要： 为探究放牧方式对青藏高原高寒草地家畜的采食量和植物补偿生长的影响，本试验在环青海湖流域高寒草地设置放牧方式（牦牛单独放牧、藏羊单独放牧、牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧、牦牛和藏羊1：4混牧、牦牛和藏羊1：6混牧）控制试验，以期确定草地的承载力，并为制定合理的草地管理措施提供依据。试验结果表明：在群落水平上，家畜的采食量在藏羊（ Ovis aries ）单独放牧以及牦牛（ Bos grunniens ）与藏羊1：2混牧方式下，显著高于其他方式（ P <0.05）；在功能群水平上，藏羊单独放牧与牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧这2种放牧方式下家畜对豆科植物的采食量较高；藏羊单独放牧与牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧植物的补偿生长能力显著高于其他放牧方式（ P <0.05）。研究表明：藏羊单独放牧时，其采食量最高；牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧的放牧方式对植物补偿性生长的促进作用最明显。因此，从放牧家畜采食量与植物补偿生长两方面考虑，在青藏高原高寒草地藏羊单独放牧与牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧的放牧方式较为合理。

植物补偿生长

Abstract: The knowledge of forage intake of livestock and compensated growth of plant community is critical for determining the grassland carrying capacity and improving grassland management on the Tibetan Plateau. To explore the effect of grazing regime on forage intake of livestock and plant compensated growth,a manipulated grazing experiment was conducted on an alpine grassland in the Qinghai Lake basin. The results showed that,the forage intake of livestock at community level was significantly higher ( P <0.05) in the treatments of Tibetan sheep grazing (SG) and mixed-livestock grazing with a ratio of yak to Tibetan sheep as 1:2 (MG 1:2). Grazing regime also affected the forage intake of livestock at functional group level,and the intake of leguminous plants by livestock were significantly higher in SG and MG 1:2. The compensation growth capacity of plants were significant higher in SG and MG 1:2 than other treatments ( P <0.05). It was concluded that the forage intake by livestock was highest in SG,but the regrowth of plant was stimulated more by livestock in MG 1:2. Therefore,Tibetan sheep grazing and mixed-livestock grazing with a ratio of yak to Tibetan sheep as 1:2 are more reasonable grazing regimes based on livestock intake and plant regrowth on the alpine grassland of Qinghai Lake basin.

Key words: Mixed grazing, Alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, Qinghai Lake basin, The feed intake of livestock, Compensatory growth

张艳芬, 杨晓霞, 董全民, 张春平, 俞旸, 杨增增, 冯斌, 褚晖, 魏琳娜, 张小芳. 牦牛和藏羊混合放牧对放牧家畜采食量和植物补偿性生长的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2019, 27(6): 1607-1614.

ZHANG Yan-fen, YANG Xiao-xia, DONG Quan-min, ZHANG Chun-ping, YU Yang, YANG Zeng-zeng, FENG Bin, CHU Hui, WEI Lin-na, ZHANG Xiao-fang. Effects of Mixed Grazing of Yak and Tibetan Sheep on Feed Intake of Grazing Livestock and Plant Compensation Growth[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2019, 27(6): 1607-1614.

[1] 沈海花,朱言坤,赵霞,等. 中国草地资源的现状分析[J]. 科学通报,2016(2):139-154
[2] 乌日娜. 内蒙古典型草原放牧绵羊牧食行为和采食量及消化率[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010:3-9
[3] 纪来. 《中国草原资源及其培育利用》简介[J]. 中国草原与牧草,1984(01):72
[4] MüLLER,K,Dickhoefer U,Lin L,et al. Impact of grazing intensity on herbage quality,feed intake and live weight gain of sheep grazing on the steppe of Inner Mongolia[J]. The Journal of Agricultural Science,2014,152(01):153-165
[5] 王旭,王德利,刘颖,等. 羊草草地生长季放牧山羊采食量和食性选择[J]. 生态学报,2002(05):661-667
[6] Wright I A. Field and Laboratory Methods for Grassland and Animal Production Research[J]. Grass & Forage Science,2010,57(2):189-189
[7] Decruyenaere V,Buldgen A,Stilmant D. Factors affecting intake by grazing ruminants and related quantification methods:a review[J]. Biotechnologie,Agronomie,Société et Environnement,2009,13(4):559-573
[8] 焦树英,韩国栋,李永强,等. 不同载畜率对荒漠草原群落结构和功能群生产力的影响[J]. 西北植物学报,2006(03):564-571
[9] 汪诗平. 不同放牧季节绵羊的食性及食物多样性与草地植物多样性间的关系[J]. 生态学报,2000(06):951-957
[10] 张晓庆,侯向阳,张英俊. 放牧家畜采食量和采食成分测定技术评述[J]. 草业科学,2012,29(02):291-300
[11] 董全民,马玉寿,李青云,等. 牦牛放牧强度对高寒草甸暖季草场植被的影响[J]. 草业科学,2004(02):48-53
[12] McNaughton,S J. Grazing as an Optimization Process:Grass-Ungulate Relationships in the Serengeti[J]. The American Naturalist,1979,113(5):691-703
[13] Trlica M J,Rittenhouse L R. Grazing and Plant Performance[J]. Ecological Applications,1993,3(1):21-23
[14] 任继周,胡自治,张自和. 草业科学研究的现状与展望[J]. 国外畜牧学:草原与牧草,1993(02):1-8
[15] 李高飞,任海,李岩,等. 植被净第一性生产力研究回顾与发展趋势[J]. 生态科学,2003(04):360-365
[16] 朴世龙,方精云. 1982-1999年青藏高原植被净第一性生产力及其时空变化[J]. 自然资源学报,2002(03):373-380
[17] 宋富强,康慕谊,陈雅如等. 陕北黄土高原植被净初级生产力的估算[J]. 生态学杂志,2009,28(11):2311-2318
[18] 罗惦,柴林荣,常生华,等. 我国青藏高原地区牦牛草地放牧系统管理及优化[J]. 草业科学,2017,34(04):881-891
[19] 吴铁成,吴建平,赵生国,等. 甘南玛曲不同年龄欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量季节动态研究[J]. 草地学报,2016,24(2):317-321
[20] 薛睿,郑淑霞,白永飞. 不同利用方式和载畜率对内蒙古典型草原群落初级生产力和植物补偿性生长的影响[J]. 生物多样性,2010,18(03):300-311
[21] 李红涛,郑伟,董全民,等. 不同放牧强度对环湖地区高寒草原地上净初级生产量与再生量的影响[J]. 青海畜牧兽医杂志,2011,41(4):13-15
[22] 参木有,曲广鹏,秀花,等. 饱和烷烃法测定放牧家畜采食量及植物种类的研究进展[J]. 西藏科技,2009(01):50-53
[23] 薛白,赵新全,张耀生. 青藏高原天然草场放牧家畜的采食量动态研究[J]. 家畜生态,2004(04):21-25
[24] 崔占鸿,刘书杰,柴沙驼,等. 三江源区高寒草甸草场放牧牦牛采食量的测定[J]. 中国草食动物,2007(06):20-22
[25] Baumont R,Prache S,Meuret M,et al. How forage characteristics influence behaviour and intake in small ruminants:a review[J]. Livestock Production Science,2000,64(1):15-28
[26] Arthington J D,Brown W F. Estimation of feeding value of four tropical forage species at two stages of maturity[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2005,83(7):1726-1731
[27] Allden W G,Mcdwhittaker I A. The determinants of herbage intake by grazing sheep:The interrelationship of factors influencing herbage intake and availability[J]. Crop and Pasture Science,1970,21(5):755-766
[28] 张吉鹍,卢德勋,胡明,等. 反刍家畜采食量的研究进展[J]. 畜牧与饲料科学,2004(05):1-4
[29] 郑阳,徐柱,锡林图雅,等. 放牧强度对土-草-畜系统的影响研究进展[J]. 草原与草坪,2009(05):72-76
[30] 龙瑞军,董世魁,王元素,等. 反刍动物采食量的概念与研究方法[J]. 草业学报,2003(05):8-17
[31] 任劲飞,王召锋,侯扶江. 放牧家畜采食的调控[J]. 家畜生态学报,2017,38(2):9-13
[32] 陈国伟. 功能性植物对绵羊采食行为的影响[D]. 长春:东北师范大学,2007:3-11
[33] 张胜权. 三江源地区草甸草场13种典型牧草营养价值评定研究[D]. 西宁:青海大学,2013:30-39
[34] 孟婷婷,倪健,王国宏. 植物功能性状与环境和生态系统功能[J]. 植物生态学报,2007,31(1):150-165
[35] Ginane C,Duncan A J,Young S A,et al. Herbivore diet selection in response to simulated variation in nutrient rewards and plant secondary compounds[J]. Animal Behaviour,2005,69(3):541-550
[36] Reed,Jess D. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes[J]. Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(5):1516-1528
[37] Provenza F D,Villalba J J,Dziba L E,et al. Linking herbivore experience,varied diets,and plant biochemical diversity[J]. Small Ruminant Research,2003,49(3):257-274
[38] Loney P E,Mcarthur C,Potts B M,et al. How does ontogeny in a Eucalyptus species affect patterns of herbivory by Brushtail Possums?[J]. Functional Ecology,2006,20(6):982-988
[39] Barre P,Emile J C,Betin M,et al. Morphological Characteristics of Perennial Ryegrass Leaves that Influence Short-Term Intake in Dairy Cows[J]. Agronomy Journal,2006,98(4):978-985
[40] Provenza F D. Foraging behavior:Managing to survive in a world of change:Behavioral principles for human,animal,vegetation,and ecosystem management[M]. Salt Lake City:Utah State University,2003:187-197
[41] 王德利,王岭. 草食动物与草地植物多样性的互作关系研究进展[J]. 草地学报,2011,19(4):699-704
[42] Bullock J M,Pakeman R J. Grazing of lowland heath in England:Management methods and their effects on healthland vegetation[J]. Biological Conservation,1997,79(1):1-13
[43] Rook A J,Dumont B,Isselstein J, et al. Matching type of livestock to desired biodiversity outcomes in pastures-a review[J]. Biological Conservation,2004,119(2):137-150
[44] Johan O,Philip E H,Lauri O,et al. Importance of large and small herbivores for the plant community structure in the forest-tundra ecotone[J]. Oikos,2010,106(2):324-334
[45] Han O,Ritchie M E. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1998,13(7):261-265
[46] 王岭,王德利. 放牧家畜食性选择机制研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报,2007,18(1):205-211
[47] 王岭. 大型草食动物采食对植物多样性与空间格局的响应及行为适应机制[D]. 长春:东北师范大学,2010:3-8
[48] 刘军. 放牧对松嫩草地植物多样性、生产力的作用及机制[D]. 长春:东北师范大学,2015:19
[49] 武倩,韩国栋,王成杰,等. 短期内混合放牧对荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响[J]. 草原与草业,2015,27(01):40-45
[50] 丁路明,龙瑞军,郭旭生,等. 放牧生态系统家畜牧食行为研究进展[J]. 家畜生态学报,2009,30(05):4-9
[51] Davidson A D,Ponce E,Lightfoot D C, et al. Rapid response of a grassland ecosystem to an experimental manipulation of a keystone rodent and domestic livestock[J]. Ecology,2010,91(11):3189-3200
[52] 方精云. 全球生态学:气候变化与生态响应[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2000:104-157
[53] 刘晓媛. 放牧方式对草地植被多样性与稳定性关系的影响[D]. 长春:东北师范大学,2013:37-4